]> git.xonotic.org Git - xonotic/gmqcc.git/blobdiff - parser.cpp
Add -Wunused-component like -Wunused-variable but warns about unused components of...
[xonotic/gmqcc.git] / parser.cpp
index ba08ec8abbdd2778858cb2f31971d9f0a08a7b18..518a06da1919a22933031ef15f71652af95f118a 100644 (file)
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 static void parser_enterblock(parser_t *parser);
 static bool parser_leaveblock(parser_t *parser);
 static void parser_addlocal(parser_t *parser, const char *name, ast_expression *e);
+static void parser_addlocal(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, ast_expression *e);
 static void parser_addglobal(parser_t *parser, const char *name, ast_expression *e);
+static void parser_addglobal(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, ast_expression *e);
 static bool parse_typedef(parser_t *parser);
 static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofields, int qualifier, ast_value *cached_typedef, bool noref, bool is_static, uint32_t qflags, char *vstring);
 static ast_block* parse_block(parser_t *parser);
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ static ast_value* parser_create_array_setter_proto(parser_t *parser, ast_value *
 static ast_value* parser_create_array_getter_proto(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, const ast_expression *elemtype, const char *funcname);
 static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_value *cached_typedef, bool *is_vararg);
 
-static void parseerror(parser_t *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
+static void parseerror_(parser_t *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list ap;
     va_start(ap, fmt);
@@ -34,8 +36,13 @@ static void parseerror(parser_t *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
     va_end(ap);
 }
 
-/* returns true if it counts as an error */
-static bool GMQCC_WARN parsewarning(parser_t *parser, int warntype, const char *fmt, ...)
+template<typename... Ts>
+static inline void parseerror(parser_t *parser, const char *fmt, const Ts&... ts) {
+    return parseerror_(parser, fmt, formatNormalize(ts)...);
+}
+
+// returns true if it counts as an error
+static bool GMQCC_WARN parsewarning_(parser_t *parser, int warntype, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     bool    r;
     va_list ap;
@@ -45,6 +52,11 @@ static bool GMQCC_WARN parsewarning(parser_t *parser, int warntype, const char *
     return r;
 }
 
+template<typename... Ts>
+static inline bool GMQCC_WARN parsewarning(parser_t *parser, int warntype, const char *fmt, const Ts&... ts) {
+    return parsewarning_(parser, warntype, fmt, formatNormalize(ts)...);
+}
+
 /**********************************************************************
  * parsing
  */
@@ -76,18 +88,23 @@ char *parser_strdup(const char *str)
     return util_strdup(str);
 }
 
-static ast_expression* parser_find_field(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
-{
-    return ( ast_expression*)util_htget(parser->htfields, name);
+static ast_expression* parser_find_field(parser_t *parser, const char *name) {
+    return (ast_expression*)util_htget(parser->htfields, name);
+}
+static ast_expression* parser_find_field(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name) {
+    return parser_find_field(parser, name.c_str());
 }
 
 static ast_expression* parser_find_label(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
 {
     for (auto &it : parser->labels)
-        if (!strcmp(it->name, name))
-            return (ast_expression*)it;
+        if (it->m_name == name)
+            return it;
     return nullptr;
 }
+static inline ast_expression* parser_find_label(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name) {
+    return parser_find_label(parser, name.c_str());
+}
 
 ast_expression* parser_find_global(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
 {
@@ -97,15 +114,19 @@ ast_expression* parser_find_global(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
     return (ast_expression*)util_htget(parser->htglobals, name);
 }
 
+ast_expression* parser_find_global(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name) {
+    return parser_find_global(parser, name.c_str());
+}
+
 static ast_expression* parser_find_param(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
 {
     ast_value *fun;
     if (!parser->function)
         return nullptr;
-    fun = parser->function->function_type;
-    for (auto &it : fun->expression.type_params) {
-        if (!strcmp(it->name, name))
-            return (ast_expression*)it;
+    fun = parser->function->m_function_type;
+    for (auto &it : fun->m_type_params) {
+        if (it->m_name == name)
+            return it.get();
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -127,6 +148,10 @@ static ast_expression* parser_find_local(parser_t *parser, const char *name, siz
     return parser_find_param(parser, name);
 }
 
+static ast_expression* parser_find_local(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, size_t upto, bool *isparam) {
+    return parser_find_local(parser, name.c_str(), upto, isparam);
+}
+
 static ast_expression* parser_find_var(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
 {
     bool dummy;
@@ -136,6 +161,10 @@ static ast_expression* parser_find_var(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
     return v;
 }
 
+static inline ast_expression* parser_find_var(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name) {
+    return parser_find_var(parser, name.c_str());
+}
+
 static ast_value* parser_find_typedef(parser_t *parser, const char *name, size_t upto)
 {
     size_t     i, hash;
@@ -150,6 +179,10 @@ static ast_value* parser_find_typedef(parser_t *parser, const char *name, size_t
     return nullptr;
 }
 
+static ast_value* parser_find_typedef(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, size_t upto) {
+    return parser_find_typedef(parser, name.c_str(), upto);
+}
+
 struct sy_elem {
     size_t etype; /* 0 = expression, others are operators */
     bool isparen;
@@ -189,7 +222,7 @@ static sy_elem syblock(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_block *v) {
     sy_elem e;
     e.etype = 0;
     e.off   = 0;
-    e.out   = (ast_expression*)v;
+    e.out   = v;
     e.block = v;
     e.ctx   = ctx;
     e.isparen = false;
@@ -230,32 +263,32 @@ static bool rotate_entfield_array_index_nodes(ast_expression **out)
     ast_expression  *sub;
     ast_expression  *entity;
 
-    lex_ctx_t ctx = ast_ctx(*out);
+    lex_ctx_t ctx = (*out)->m_context;
 
     if (!ast_istype(*out, ast_array_index))
         return false;
     index = (ast_array_index*)*out;
 
-    if (!ast_istype(index->array, ast_entfield))
+    if (!ast_istype(index->m_array, ast_entfield))
         return false;
-    entfield = (ast_entfield*)index->array;
+    entfield = (ast_entfield*)index->m_array;
 
-    if (!ast_istype(entfield->field, ast_value))
+    if (!ast_istype(entfield->m_field, ast_value))
         return false;
-    field = (ast_value*)entfield->field;
+    field = (ast_value*)entfield->m_field;
 
-    sub    = index->index;
-    entity = entfield->entity;
+    sub    = index->m_index;
+    entity = entfield->m_entity;
 
     oldindex = index;
 
-    index = ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)field, sub);
-    entfield = ast_entfield_new(ctx, entity, (ast_expression*)index);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)entfield;
+    index = ast_array_index::make(ctx, field, sub);
+    entfield = new ast_entfield(ctx, entity, index);
+    *out = entfield;
 
-    oldindex->array = nullptr;
-    oldindex->index = nullptr;
-    ast_delete(oldindex);
+    oldindex->m_array = nullptr;
+    oldindex->m_index = nullptr;
+    delete oldindex;
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -264,8 +297,8 @@ static bool check_write_to(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *expr)
 {
     if (ast_istype(expr, ast_value)) {
         ast_value *val = (ast_value*)expr;
-        if (val->cvq == CV_CONST) {
-            if (val->name[0] == '#') {
+        if (val->m_cvq == CV_CONST) {
+            if (val->m_name[0] == '#') {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid assignment to a literal constant");
                 return false;
             }
@@ -274,9 +307,9 @@ static bool check_write_to(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *expr)
              * a warning instead.
              */
             if (OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) != COMPILER_QCC)
-                compile_error(ctx, "assignment to constant `%s`", val->name);
+                compile_error(ctx, "assignment to constant `%s`", val->m_name);
             else
-                (void)!compile_warning(ctx, WARN_CONST_OVERWRITE, "assignment to constant `%s`", val->name);
+                (void)!compile_warning(ctx, WARN_CONST_OVERWRITE, "assignment to constant `%s`", val->m_name);
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -329,26 +362,26 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         exprs[i]  = sy->out[sy->out.size()+i].out;
         blocks[i] = sy->out[sy->out.size()+i].block;
 
-        if (exprs[i]->vtype == TYPE_NOEXPR &&
+        if (exprs[i]->m_vtype == TYPE_NOEXPR &&
             !(i != 0 && op->id == opid2('?',':')) &&
             !(i == 1 && op->id == opid1('.')))
         {
             if (ast_istype(exprs[i], ast_label))
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[i]), "expected expression, got an unknown identifier");
+                compile_error(exprs[i]->m_context, "expected expression, got an unknown identifier");
             else
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[i]), "not an expression");
-            (void)!compile_warning(ast_ctx(exprs[i]), WARN_DEBUG, "expression %u\n", (unsigned int)i);
+                compile_error(exprs[i]->m_context, "not an expression");
+            (void)!compile_warning(exprs[i]->m_context, WARN_DEBUG, "expression %u\n", (unsigned int)i);
         }
     }
 
-    if (blocks[0] && blocks[0]->exprs.empty() && op->id != opid1(',')) {
+    if (blocks[0] && blocks[0]->m_exprs.empty() && op->id != opid1(',')) {
         compile_error(ctx, "internal error: operator cannot be applied on empty blocks");
         return false;
     }
 
 #define NotSameType(T) \
-             (exprs[0]->vtype != exprs[1]->vtype || \
-              exprs[0]->vtype != T)
+             (exprs[0]->m_vtype != exprs[1]->m_vtype || \
+              exprs[0]->m_vtype != T)
 
     switch (op->id)
     {
@@ -357,52 +390,52 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             return false;
 
         case opid1('.'):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR &&
-                exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_NOEXPR)
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR &&
+                exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_NOEXPR)
             {
-                if      (exprs[1] == (ast_expression*)parser->const_vec[0])
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_member_new(ctx, exprs[0], 0, nullptr);
-                else if (exprs[1] == (ast_expression*)parser->const_vec[1])
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_member_new(ctx, exprs[0], 1, nullptr);
-                else if (exprs[1] == (ast_expression*)parser->const_vec[2])
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_member_new(ctx, exprs[0], 2, nullptr);
+                if      (exprs[1] == parser->const_vec[0])
+                    out = ast_member::make(ctx, exprs[0], 0, "");
+                else if (exprs[1] == parser->const_vec[1])
+                    out = ast_member::make(ctx, exprs[0], 1, "");
+                else if (exprs[1] == parser->const_vec[2])
+                    out = ast_member::make(ctx, exprs[0], 2, "");
                 else {
                     compile_error(ctx, "access to invalid vector component");
                     return false;
                 }
             }
-            else if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_ENTITY) {
-                if (exprs[1]->vtype != TYPE_FIELD) {
-                    compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[1]), "type error: right hand of member-operand should be an entity-field");
+            else if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_ENTITY) {
+                if (exprs[1]->m_vtype != TYPE_FIELD) {
+                    compile_error(exprs[1]->m_context, "type error: right hand of member-operand should be an entity-field");
                     return false;
                 }
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_entfield_new(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                out = new ast_entfield(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             }
-            else if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[1]), "vectors cannot be accessed this way");
+            else if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
+                compile_error(exprs[1]->m_context, "vectors cannot be accessed this way");
                 return false;
             }
             else {
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[1]), "type error: member-of operator on something that is not an entity or vector");
+                compile_error(exprs[1]->m_context, "type error: member-of operator on something that is not an entity or vector");
                 return false;
             }
             break;
 
         case opid1('['):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_ARRAY &&
-                !(exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
-                  exprs[0]->next->vtype == TYPE_ARRAY))
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_ARRAY &&
+                !(exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
+                  exprs[0]->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY))
             {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[0]), "cannot index value of type %s", ty1);
+                compile_error(exprs[0]->m_context, "cannot index value of type %s", ty1);
                 return false;
             }
-            if (exprs[1]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) {
+            if (exprs[1]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[1]), "index must be of type float, not %s", ty1);
+                compile_error(exprs[1]->m_context, "index must be of type float, not %s", ty1);
                 return false;
             }
-            out = (ast_expression*)ast_array_index_new(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+            out = ast_array_index::make(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             rotate_entfield_array_index_nodes(&out);
             break;
 
@@ -414,17 +447,17 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 return true;
             }
             if (blocks[0]) {
-                if (!ast_block_add_expr(blocks[0], exprs[1]))
+                if (!blocks[0]->addExpr(exprs[1]))
                     return false;
             } else {
-                blocks[0] = ast_block_new(ctx);
-                if (!ast_block_add_expr(blocks[0], exprs[0]) ||
-                    !ast_block_add_expr(blocks[0], exprs[1]))
+                blocks[0] = new ast_block(ctx);
+                if (!blocks[0]->addExpr(exprs[0]) ||
+                    !blocks[0]->addExpr(exprs[1]))
                 {
                     return false;
                 }
             }
-            ast_block_set_type(blocks[0], exprs[1]);
+            blocks[0]->setType(*exprs[1]);
 
             sy->out.push_back(syblock(ctx, blocks[0]));
             return true;
@@ -436,59 +469,59 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             if ((out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs)))
                 break;
 
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT &&
-                exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_VECTOR) {
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT &&
+                exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_VECTOR) {
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in unary expression: cannot negate type %s",
-                                  type_name[exprs[0]->vtype]);
+                                  type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, VINSTR_NEG_F, exprs[0]);
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+                out = ast_unary::make(ctx, VINSTR_NEG_F, exprs[0]);
             else
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, VINSTR_NEG_V, exprs[0]);
+                out = ast_unary::make(ctx, VINSTR_NEG_V, exprs[0]);
             break;
 
         case opid2('!','P'):
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                switch (exprs[0]->vtype) {
+                switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                     case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, exprs[0]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     case TYPE_VECTOR:
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_V, exprs[0]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_V, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     case TYPE_STRING:
                         if (OPTS_FLAG(TRUE_EMPTY_STRINGS))
-                            out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, exprs[0]);
+                            out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, exprs[0]);
                         else
-                            out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_S, exprs[0]);
+                            out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_S, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     /* we don't constant-fold NOT for these types */
                     case TYPE_ENTITY:
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_ENT, exprs[0]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_ENT, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     case TYPE_FUNCTION:
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_FNC, exprs[0]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_FNC, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     default:
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot logically negate type %s",
-                                  type_name[exprs[0]->vtype]);
+                                  type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype]);
                     return false;
                 }
             }
             break;
 
         case opid1('+'):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != exprs[1]->vtype ||
-               (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) )
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != exprs[1]->m_vtype ||
+               (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) )
             {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot add type %s and %s",
-                              type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                              type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                              type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                              type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                switch (exprs[0]->vtype) {
+                switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                     case TYPE_FLOAT:
                         out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_ADD_F, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                         break;
@@ -497,23 +530,23 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                         break;
                     default:
                         compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot add type %s and %s",
-                                      type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                                      type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                                      type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                                      type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                         return false;
                 }
             }
             break;
         case opid1('-'):
-            if  (exprs[0]->vtype != exprs[1]->vtype ||
-                (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT))
+            if  (exprs[0]->m_vtype != exprs[1]->m_vtype ||
+                (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT))
             {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot subtract type %s from %s",
-                              type_name[exprs[1]->vtype],
-                              type_name[exprs[0]->vtype]);
+                              type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype],
+                              type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                switch (exprs[0]->vtype) {
+                switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                     case TYPE_FLOAT:
                         out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_F, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                         break;
@@ -522,57 +555,57 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                         break;
                     default:
                         compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot subtract type %s from %s",
-                                      type_name[exprs[1]->vtype],
-                                      type_name[exprs[0]->vtype]);
+                                      type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype],
+                                      type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype]);
                         return false;
                 }
             }
             break;
         case opid1('*'):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != exprs[1]->vtype &&
-                !(exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR &&
-                  exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) &&
-                !(exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR &&
-                  exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != exprs[1]->m_vtype &&
+                !(exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR &&
+                  exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) &&
+                !(exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR &&
+                  exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
                 )
             {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot multiply types %s and %s",
-                              type_name[exprs[1]->vtype],
-                              type_name[exprs[0]->vtype]);
+                              type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype],
+                              type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                switch (exprs[0]->vtype) {
+                switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                     case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                        if (exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
+                        if (exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
                             out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_MUL_FV, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                         else
                             out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_MUL_F, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                         break;
                     case TYPE_VECTOR:
-                        if (exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+                        if (exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
                             out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_MUL_VF, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                         else
                             out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_MUL_V, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                         break;
                     default:
                         compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot multiply types %s and %s",
-                                      type_name[exprs[1]->vtype],
-                                      type_name[exprs[0]->vtype]);
+                                      type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype],
+                                      type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype]);
                         return false;
                 }
             }
             break;
 
         case opid1('/'):
-            if (exprs[1]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) {
+            if (exprs[1]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot divide types %s and %s", ty1, ty2);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+                if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
                     out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_DIV_F, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                 else {
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
@@ -586,8 +619,8 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         case opid1('%'):
             if (NotSameType(TYPE_FLOAT)) {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot perform modulo operation between types %s and %s",
-                    type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                    type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                    type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                    type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             } else if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 /* generate a call to __builtin_mod */
@@ -595,11 +628,11 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 ast_call       *call = nullptr;
                 if (!mod) return false; /* can return null for missing floor */
 
-                call = ast_call_new(parser_ctx(parser), mod);
-                call->params.push_back(exprs[0]);
-                call->params.push_back(exprs[1]);
+                call = ast_call::make(parser_ctx(parser), mod);
+                call->m_params.push_back(exprs[0]);
+                call->m_params.push_back(exprs[1]);
 
-                out = (ast_expression*)call;
+                out = call;
             }
             break;
 
@@ -610,13 +643,13 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         case opid1('|'):
         case opid1('&'):
         case opid1('^'):
-            if ( !(exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT  && exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) &&
-                 !(exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) &&
-                 !(exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR))
+            if ( !(exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT  && exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) &&
+                 !(exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) &&
+                 !(exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR))
             {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot perform bit operations between types %s and %s",
-                              type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                              type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                              type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                              type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
 
@@ -625,7 +658,7 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                  * IF the first expression is float, the following will be too
                  * since scalar ^ vector is not allowed.
                  */
-                if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) {
+                if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) {
                     out = fold::binary(ctx,
                         (op->id == opid1('^') ? VINSTR_BITXOR : op->id == opid1('|') ? INSTR_BITOR : INSTR_BITAND),
                         exprs[0], exprs[1]);
@@ -634,7 +667,7 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                      * The first is a vector: vector is allowed to bitop with vector and
                      * with scalar, branch here for the second operand.
                      */
-                    if (exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
+                    if (exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
                         /*
                          * Bitop all the values of the vector components against the
                          * vectors components in question.
@@ -655,17 +688,17 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         case opid2('>','>'):
             if (NotSameType(TYPE_FLOAT)) {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot perform shift between types %s and %s",
-                    type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                    type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                    type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                    type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
 
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 ast_expression *shift = parser->m_intrin.func((op->id == opid2('<','<')) ? "__builtin_lshift" : "__builtin_rshift");
-                ast_call *call  = ast_call_new(parser_ctx(parser), shift);
-                call->params.push_back(exprs[0]);
-                call->params.push_back(exprs[1]);
-                out = (ast_expression*)call;
+                ast_call *call  = ast_call::make(parser_ctx(parser), shift);
+                call->m_params.push_back(exprs[0]);
+                call->m_params.push_back(exprs[1]);
+                out = call;
             }
             break;
 
@@ -673,21 +706,21 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         case opid3('>','>','='):
             if (NotSameType(TYPE_FLOAT)) {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot perform shift operation between types %s and %s",
-                    type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                    type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                    type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                    type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
 
             if(!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 ast_expression *shift = parser->m_intrin.func((op->id == opid3('<','<','=')) ? "__builtin_lshift" : "__builtin_rshift");
-                ast_call *call  = ast_call_new(parser_ctx(parser), shift);
-                call->params.push_back(exprs[0]);
-                call->params.push_back(exprs[1]);
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+                ast_call *call  = ast_call::make(parser_ctx(parser), shift);
+                call->m_params.push_back(exprs[0]);
+                call->m_params.push_back(exprs[1]);
+                out = new ast_store(
                     parser_ctx(parser),
                     INSTR_STORE_F,
                     exprs[0],
-                    (ast_expression*)call
+                    call
                 );
             }
 
@@ -698,17 +731,17 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         case opid2('&','&'):
             generated_op += INSTR_AND;
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC) && !ast_compare_type(exprs[0], exprs[1])) {
+                if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC) && !exprs[0]->compareType(*exprs[1])) {
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types for logical operation with -fperl-logic: %s and %s", ty1, ty2);
                     return false;
                 }
                 for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
-                    if (OPTS_FLAG(CORRECT_LOGIC) && exprs[i]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_V, exprs[i]);
+                    if (OPTS_FLAG(CORRECT_LOGIC) && exprs[i]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_V, exprs[i]);
                         if (!out) break;
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, out);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, out);
                         if (!out) break;
                         exprs[i] = out; out = nullptr;
                         if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC)) {
@@ -716,10 +749,10 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                             break;
                         }
                     }
-                    else if (OPTS_FLAG(FALSE_EMPTY_STRINGS) && exprs[i]->vtype == TYPE_STRING) {
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_S, exprs[i]);
+                    else if (OPTS_FLAG(FALSE_EMPTY_STRINGS) && exprs[i]->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING) {
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_S, exprs[i]);
                         if (!out) break;
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, out);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, out);
                         if (!out) break;
                         exprs[i] = out; out = nullptr;
                         if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC)) {
@@ -738,14 +771,14 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 return false;
             }
             sy->paren.pop_back();
-            if (!ast_compare_type(exprs[1], exprs[2])) {
+            if (!exprs[1]->compareType(*exprs[2])) {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[2], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                 compile_error(ctx, "operands of ternary expression must have the same type, got %s and %s", ty1, ty2);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs)))
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1], exprs[2]);
+                out = new ast_ternary(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1], exprs[2]);
             break;
 
         case opid2('*', '*'):
@@ -758,10 +791,10 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             }
 
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                ast_call *gencall = ast_call_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser->m_intrin.func("pow"));
-                gencall->params.push_back(exprs[0]);
-                gencall->params.push_back(exprs[1]);
-                out = (ast_expression*)gencall;
+                ast_call *gencall = ast_call::make(parser_ctx(parser), parser->m_intrin.func("pow"));
+                gencall->m_params.push_back(exprs[0]);
+                gencall->m_params.push_back(exprs[1]);
+                out = gencall;
             }
             break;
 
@@ -797,23 +830,23 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
 
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 /* This whole block is NOT fold_binary safe */
-                ast_binary *eq = ast_binary_new(ctx, INSTR_EQ_F, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                ast_binary *eq = new ast_binary(ctx, INSTR_EQ_F, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
 
-                eq->refs = AST_REF_NONE;
+                eq->m_refs = AST_REF_NONE;
 
                     /* if (lt) { */
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(ctx,
-                        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(ctx, INSTR_LT, exprs[0], exprs[1]),
+                out = new ast_ternary(ctx,
+                        new ast_binary(ctx, INSTR_LT, exprs[0], exprs[1]),
                         /* out = -1 */
-                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(2),
+                        parser->m_fold.imm_float(2),
                     /* } else { */
                         /* if (eq) { */
-                        (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)eq,
+                        new ast_ternary(ctx, eq,
                             /* out = 0 */
-                            (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(0),
+                            parser->m_fold.imm_float(0),
                         /* } else { */
                             /* out = 1 */
-                            (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1)
+                            parser->m_fold.imm_float(1)
                         /* } */
                         )
                     /* } */
@@ -832,52 +865,52 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             generated_op += INSTR_LE;
             if (NotSameType(TYPE_FLOAT)) {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot perform comparison between types %s and %s",
-                              type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                              type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                              type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                              type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs)))
                 out = fold::binary(ctx, generated_op, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             break;
         case opid2('!', '='):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != exprs[1]->vtype) {
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != exprs[1]->m_vtype) {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot perform comparison between types %s and %s",
-                              type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                              type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                              type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                              type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs)))
-                out = fold::binary(ctx, type_ne_instr[exprs[0]->vtype], exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                out = fold::binary(ctx, type_ne_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype], exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             break;
         case opid2('=', '='):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != exprs[1]->vtype) {
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != exprs[1]->m_vtype) {
                 compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot perform comparison between types %s and %s",
-                              type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                              type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                              type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                              type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs)))
-                out = fold::binary(ctx, type_eq_instr[exprs[0]->vtype], exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                out = fold::binary(ctx, type_eq_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype], exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             break;
 
         case opid1('='):
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield)) {
-                ast_expression *field = ((ast_entfield*)exprs[0])->field;
+                ast_expression *field = ((ast_entfield*)exprs[0])->m_field;
                 if (OPTS_FLAG(ADJUST_VECTOR_FIELDS) &&
-                    exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
-                    exprs[0]->next->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
+                    exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
+                    exprs[0]->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
                 {
                     assignop = type_storep_instr[TYPE_VECTOR];
                 }
                 else
-                    assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
-                if (assignop == VINSTR_END || !ast_compare_type(field->next, exprs[1]))
+                    assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
+                if (assignop == VINSTR_END || !field->m_next->compareType(*exprs[1]))
                 {
-                    ast_type_to_string(field->next, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
+                    ast_type_to_string(field->m_next, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                     if (OPTS_FLAG(ASSIGN_FUNCTION_TYPES) &&
-                        field->next->vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION &&
-                        exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
+                        field->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION &&
+                        exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
                     {
                         (void)!compile_warning(ctx, WARN_ASSIGN_FUNCTION_TYPES,
                                                "invalid types in assignment: cannot assign %s to %s", ty2, ty1);
@@ -889,13 +922,13 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             else
             {
                 if (OPTS_FLAG(ADJUST_VECTOR_FIELDS) &&
-                    exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
-                    exprs[0]->next->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
+                    exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
+                    exprs[0]->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
                 {
                     assignop = type_store_instr[TYPE_VECTOR];
                 }
                 else {
-                    assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
+                    assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
                 }
 
                 if (assignop == VINSTR_END) {
@@ -903,13 +936,13 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types in assignment: cannot assign %s to %s", ty2, ty1);
                 }
-                else if (!ast_compare_type(exprs[0], exprs[1]))
+                else if (!exprs[0]->compareType(*exprs[1]))
                 {
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                     if (OPTS_FLAG(ASSIGN_FUNCTION_TYPES) &&
-                        exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION &&
-                        exprs[1]->vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
+                        exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION &&
+                        exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
                     {
                         (void)!compile_warning(ctx, WARN_ASSIGN_FUNCTION_TYPES,
                                                "invalid types in assignment: cannot assign %s to %s", ty2, ty1);
@@ -920,39 +953,39 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             }
             (void)check_write_to(ctx, exprs[0]);
             /* When we're a vector of part of an entity field we use STOREP */
-            if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_member) && ast_istype(((ast_member*)exprs[0])->owner, ast_entfield))
+            if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_member) && ast_istype(((ast_member*)exprs[0])->m_owner, ast_entfield))
                 assignop = INSTR_STOREP_F;
-            out = (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(ctx, assignop, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+            out = new ast_store(ctx, assignop, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             break;
         case opid3('+','+','P'):
         case opid3('-','-','P'):
             /* prefix ++ */
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) {
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[0]), "invalid type for prefix increment: %s", ty1);
+                compile_error(exprs[0]->m_context, "invalid type for prefix increment: %s", ty1);
                 return false;
             }
             if (op->id == opid3('+','+','P'))
                 addop = INSTR_ADD_F;
             else
                 addop = INSTR_SUB_F;
-            (void)check_write_to(ast_ctx(exprs[0]), exprs[0]);
+            (void)check_write_to(exprs[0]->m_context, exprs[0]);
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield)) {
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F, addop,
-                                                        exprs[0],
-                                                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F, addop,
+                                       exprs[0],
+                                       parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
             } else {
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, INSTR_STORE_F, addop,
-                                                        exprs[0],
-                                                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, INSTR_STORE_F, addop,
+                                       exprs[0],
+                                       parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
             }
             break;
         case opid3('S','+','+'):
         case opid3('S','-','-'):
             /* prefix ++ */
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) {
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[0]), "invalid type for suffix increment: %s", ty1);
+                compile_error(exprs[0]->m_context, "invalid type for suffix increment: %s", ty1);
                 return false;
             }
             if (op->id == opid3('S','+','+')) {
@@ -962,27 +995,27 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 addop = INSTR_SUB_F;
                 subop = INSTR_ADD_F;
             }
-            (void)check_write_to(ast_ctx(exprs[0]), exprs[0]);
+            (void)check_write_to(exprs[0]->m_context, exprs[0]);
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield)) {
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F, addop,
-                                                        exprs[0],
-                                                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F, addop,
+                                       exprs[0],
+                                       parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
             } else {
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, INSTR_STORE_F, addop,
-                                                        exprs[0],
-                                                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, INSTR_STORE_F, addop,
+                                       exprs[0],
+                                       parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
             }
             if (!out)
                 return false;
             out = fold::binary(ctx, subop,
                               out,
-                              (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                              parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
 
             break;
         case opid2('+','='):
         case opid2('-','='):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != exprs[1]->vtype ||
-                (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) )
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != exprs[1]->m_vtype ||
+                (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_VECTOR && exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT) )
             {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
@@ -992,32 +1025,32 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             }
             (void)check_write_to(ctx, exprs[0]);
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield))
-                assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
+                assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
             else
-                assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
-            switch (exprs[0]->vtype) {
+                assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
+            switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                 case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                            (op->id == opid2('+','=') ? INSTR_ADD_F : INSTR_SUB_F),
-                                                            exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                    out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                           (op->id == opid2('+','=') ? INSTR_ADD_F : INSTR_SUB_F),
+                                           exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                     break;
                 case TYPE_VECTOR:
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                            (op->id == opid2('+','=') ? INSTR_ADD_V : INSTR_SUB_V),
-                                                            exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                    out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                           (op->id == opid2('+','=') ? INSTR_ADD_V : INSTR_SUB_V),
+                                           exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                     break;
                 default:
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot add or subtract type %s and %s",
-                                  type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                                  type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                                  type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                                  type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                     return false;
             };
             break;
         case opid2('*','='):
         case opid2('/','='):
-            if (exprs[1]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT ||
-                !(exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT ||
-                  exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR))
+            if (exprs[1]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT ||
+                !(exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT ||
+                  exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR))
             {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
@@ -1027,35 +1060,35 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             }
             (void)check_write_to(ctx, exprs[0]);
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield))
-                assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
+                assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
             else
-                assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
-            switch (exprs[0]->vtype) {
+                assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
+            switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                 case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                            (op->id == opid2('*','=') ? INSTR_MUL_F : INSTR_DIV_F),
-                                                            exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                    out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                           (op->id == opid2('*','=') ? INSTR_MUL_F : INSTR_DIV_F),
+                                           exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                     break;
                 case TYPE_VECTOR:
                     if (op->id == opid2('*','=')) {
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop, INSTR_MUL_VF,
-                                                                exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                        out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop, INSTR_MUL_VF,
+                                               exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                     } else {
                         out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_DIV_F,
-                                         (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1),
+                                         parser->m_fold.imm_float(1),
                                          exprs[1]);
                         if (!out) {
                             compile_error(ctx, "internal error: failed to generate division");
                             return false;
                         }
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop, INSTR_MUL_VF,
-                                                                exprs[0], out);
+                        out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop, INSTR_MUL_VF,
+                                               exprs[0], out);
                     }
                     break;
                 default:
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot add or subtract type %s and %s",
-                                  type_name[exprs[0]->vtype],
-                                  type_name[exprs[1]->vtype]);
+                                  type_name[exprs[0]->m_vtype],
+                                  type_name[exprs[1]->m_vtype]);
                     return false;
             };
             break;
@@ -1071,17 +1104,17 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             }
             (void)check_write_to(ctx, exprs[0]);
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield))
-                assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
+                assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
             else
-                assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                        (op->id == opid2('^','=') ? VINSTR_BITXOR : op->id == opid2('&','=') ? INSTR_BITAND : INSTR_BITOR),
-                                                        exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                       (op->id == opid2('^','=') ? VINSTR_BITXOR : op->id == opid2('&','=') ? INSTR_BITAND : INSTR_BITOR),
+                                       exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             else
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                        (op->id == opid2('^','=') ? VINSTR_BITXOR_V : op->id == opid2('&','=') ? VINSTR_BITAND_V : VINSTR_BITOR_V),
-                                                        exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                       (op->id == opid2('^','=') ? VINSTR_BITXOR_V : op->id == opid2('&','=') ? VINSTR_BITAND_V : VINSTR_BITOR_V),
+                                       exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             break;
         case opid3('&','~','='):
             /* This is like: a &= ~(b);
@@ -1096,51 +1129,51 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 return false;
             }
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield))
-                assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
+                assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
             else
-                assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->vtype];
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+                assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
                 out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_BITAND, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             else
                 out = fold::binary(ctx, VINSTR_BITAND_V, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             if (!out)
                 return false;
             (void)check_write_to(ctx, exprs[0]);
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
-                asbinstore = ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop, INSTR_SUB_F, exprs[0], out);
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+                asbinstore = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop, INSTR_SUB_F, exprs[0], out);
             else
-                asbinstore = ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop, INSTR_SUB_V, exprs[0], out);
-            asbinstore->keep_dest = true;
-            out = (ast_expression*)asbinstore;
+                asbinstore = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop, INSTR_SUB_V, exprs[0], out);
+            asbinstore->m_keep_dest = true;
+            out = asbinstore;
             break;
 
         case opid3('l', 'e', 'n'):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_STRING && exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_ARRAY) {
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_STRING && exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_ARRAY) {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[0]), "invalid type for length operator: %s", ty1);
+                compile_error(exprs[0]->m_context, "invalid type for length operator: %s", ty1);
                 return false;
             }
             /* strings must be const, arrays are statically sized */
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_STRING &&
-                !(((ast_value*)exprs[0])->hasvalue && ((ast_value*)exprs[0])->cvq == CV_CONST))
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING &&
+                !(((ast_value*)exprs[0])->m_hasvalue && ((ast_value*)exprs[0])->m_cvq == CV_CONST))
             {
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[0]), "operand of length operator not a valid constant expression");
+                compile_error(exprs[0]->m_context, "operand of length operator not a valid constant expression");
                 return false;
             }
             out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs);
             break;
 
         case opid2('~', 'P'):
-            if (exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_FLOAT && exprs[0]->vtype != TYPE_VECTOR) {
+            if (exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_FLOAT && exprs[0]->m_vtype != TYPE_VECTOR) {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-                compile_error(ast_ctx(exprs[0]), "invalid type for bit not: %s", ty1);
+                compile_error(exprs[0]->m_context, "invalid type for bit not: %s", ty1);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                if (exprs[0]->vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) {
-                    out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_F, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(2), exprs[0]);
+                if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) {
+                    out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_F, parser->m_fold.imm_float(2), exprs[0]);
                 } else {
-                    out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_V, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_vector(1), exprs[0]);
+                    out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_V, parser->m_fold.imm_vector(1), exprs[0]);
                 }
             }
             break;
@@ -1200,8 +1233,8 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         }
         ast_type_to_string(sy->out.back().out, ty, sizeof(ty));
         ast_unref(sy->out.back().out);
-        sy->out[fid] = syexp(ast_ctx(sy->out.back().out),
-                             (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_string(ty, false));
+        sy->out[fid] = syexp(sy->out.back().out->m_context,
+                             parser->m_fold.constgen_string(ty, false));
         sy->out.pop_back();
         return true;
     }
@@ -1212,8 +1245,8 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
      * and than fruitfully fold them.
      */
 #define fold_can_1(X)  \
-    (ast_istype(((ast_expression*)(X)), ast_value) && (X)->hasvalue && ((X)->cvq == CV_CONST) && \
-                ((ast_expression*)(X))->vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION)
+    (ast_istype(((X)), ast_value) && (X)->m_hasvalue && ((X)->m_cvq == CV_CONST) && \
+                ((X))->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION)
 
     if (fid + 1 < sy->out.size())
         ++paramcount;
@@ -1229,7 +1262,7 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
      * All is well which ends well, if we make it into here we can ignore the
      * intrinsic call and just evaluate it i.e constant fold it.
      */
-    if (fold && ast_istype(fun, ast_value) && ((ast_value*)fun)->intrinsic) {
+    if (fold && ast_istype(fun, ast_value) && ((ast_value*)fun)->m_intrinsic) {
         ast_expression **exprs  = nullptr;
         ast_expression *foldval = nullptr;
 
@@ -1245,7 +1278,7 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
          * Blub: what sorts of unreffing and resizing of
          * sy->out should I be doing here?
          */
-        sy->out[fid] = syexp(foldval->context, foldval);
+        sy->out[fid] = syexp(foldval->m_context, foldval);
         sy->out.erase(sy->out.end() - paramcount, sy->out.end());
         vec_free(exprs);
 
@@ -1253,7 +1286,7 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
     }
 
     fold_leave:
-    call = ast_call_new(sy->ops[sy->ops.size()].ctx, fun);
+    call = ast_call::make(sy->ops[sy->ops.size()].ctx, fun);
 
     if (!call)
         return false;
@@ -1267,72 +1300,72 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < paramcount; ++i)
-        call->params.push_back(sy->out[fid+1 + i].out);
+        call->m_params.push_back(sy->out[fid+1 + i].out);
     sy->out.erase(sy->out.end() - paramcount, sy->out.end());
-    (void)!ast_call_check_types(call, parser->function->function_type->expression.varparam);
+    (void)!call->checkTypes(parser->function->m_function_type->m_varparam);
     if (parser->max_param_count < paramcount)
         parser->max_param_count = paramcount;
 
     if (ast_istype(fun, ast_value)) {
         funval = (ast_value*)fun;
-        if ((fun->flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC) &&
-            !(/*funval->cvq == CV_CONST && */ funval->hasvalue && funval->constval.vfunc->builtin))
+        if ((fun->m_flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC) &&
+            !(/*funval->m_cvq == CV_CONST && */ funval->m_hasvalue && funval->m_constval.vfunc->m_builtin))
         {
-            call->va_count = (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float((qcfloat_t)paramcount, false);
+            call->m_va_count = parser->m_fold.constgen_float((qcfloat_t)paramcount, false);
         }
     }
 
     /* overwrite fid, the function, with a call */
-    sy->out[fid] = syexp(call->expression.context, (ast_expression*)call);
+    sy->out[fid] = syexp(call->m_context, call);
 
-    if (fun->vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
-        parseerror(parser, "not a function (%s)", type_name[fun->vtype]);
+    if (fun->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
+        parseerror(parser, "not a function (%s)", type_name[fun->m_vtype]);
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (!fun->next) {
+    if (!fun->m_next) {
         parseerror(parser, "could not determine function return type");
         return false;
     } else {
         ast_value *fval = (ast_istype(fun, ast_value) ? ((ast_value*)fun) : nullptr);
 
-        if (fun->flags & AST_FLAG_DEPRECATED) {
+        if (fun->m_flags & AST_FLAG_DEPRECATED) {
             if (!fval) {
                 return !parsewarning(parser, WARN_DEPRECATED,
                         "call to function (which is marked deprecated)\n",
                         "-> it has been declared here: %s:%i",
-                        ast_ctx(fun).file, ast_ctx(fun).line);
+                        fun->m_context.file, fun->m_context.line);
             }
-            if (!fval->desc) {
+            if (!fval->m_desc.length()) {
                 return !parsewarning(parser, WARN_DEPRECATED,
                         "call to `%s` (which is marked deprecated)\n"
                         "-> `%s` declared here: %s:%i",
-                        fval->name, fval->name, ast_ctx(fun).file, ast_ctx(fun).line);
+                        fval->m_name, fval->m_name, fun->m_context.file, fun->m_context.line);
             }
             return !parsewarning(parser, WARN_DEPRECATED,
                     "call to `%s` (deprecated: %s)\n"
                     "-> `%s` declared here: %s:%i",
-                    fval->name, fval->desc, fval->name, ast_ctx(fun).file,
-                    ast_ctx(fun).line);
+                    fval->m_name, fval->m_desc, fval->m_name, fun->m_context.file,
+                    fun->m_context.line);
         }
 
-        if (fun->type_params.size() != paramcount &&
-            !((fun->flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC) &&
-              fun->type_params.size() < paramcount))
+        if (fun->m_type_params.size() != paramcount &&
+            !((fun->m_flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC) &&
+              fun->m_type_params.size() < paramcount))
         {
-            const char *fewmany = (fun->type_params.size() > paramcount) ? "few" : "many";
+            const char *fewmany = (fun->m_type_params.size() > paramcount) ? "few" : "many";
             if (fval)
                 return !parsewarning(parser, WARN_INVALID_PARAMETER_COUNT,
                                      "too %s parameters for call to %s: expected %i, got %i\n"
                                      " -> `%s` has been declared here: %s:%i",
-                                     fewmany, fval->name, (int)fun->type_params.size(), (int)paramcount,
-                                     fval->name, ast_ctx(fun).file, (int)ast_ctx(fun).line);
+                                     fewmany, fval->m_name, (int)fun->m_type_params.size(), (int)paramcount,
+                                     fval->m_name, fun->m_context.file, (int)fun->m_context.line);
             else
                 return !parsewarning(parser, WARN_INVALID_PARAMETER_COUNT,
                                      "too %s parameters for function call: expected %i, got %i\n"
                                      " -> it has been declared here: %s:%i",
-                                     fewmany, (int)fun->type_params.size(), (int)paramcount,
-                                     ast_ctx(fun).file, (int)ast_ctx(fun).line);
+                                     fewmany, (int)fun->m_type_params.size(), (int)paramcount,
+                                     fun->m_context.file, (int)fun->m_context.line);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1405,10 +1438,10 @@ static ast_expression* parse_vararg_do(parser_t *parser)
 {
     ast_expression *idx, *out;
     ast_value      *typevar;
-    ast_value      *funtype = parser->function->function_type;
+    ast_value      *funtype = parser->function->m_function_type;
     lex_ctx_t         ctx     = parser_ctx(parser);
 
-    if (!parser->function->varargs) {
+    if (!parser->function->m_varargs) {
         parseerror(parser, "function has no variable argument list");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -1432,8 +1465,8 @@ static ast_expression* parse_vararg_do(parser_t *parser)
             parseerror(parser, "expected comma after parameter index");
             return nullptr;
         }
-        /* vararg piping: ...(start) */
-        out = (ast_expression*)ast_argpipe_new(ctx, idx);
+        // vararg piping: ...(start)
+        out = new ast_argpipe(ctx, idx);
         return out;
     }
 
@@ -1451,26 +1484,26 @@ static ast_expression* parse_vararg_do(parser_t *parser)
 
     if (parser->tok != ')') {
         ast_unref(idx);
-        ast_delete(typevar);
+        delete typevar;
         parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    if (funtype->expression.varparam &&
-        !ast_compare_type((ast_expression*)typevar, (ast_expression*)funtype->expression.varparam))
+    if (funtype->m_varparam &&
+        !typevar->compareType(*funtype->m_varparam))
     {
         char ty1[1024];
         char ty2[1024];
-        ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)typevar, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-        ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)funtype->expression.varparam, ty2, sizeof(ty2));
-        compile_error(ast_ctx(typevar),
+        ast_type_to_string(typevar, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
+        ast_type_to_string(funtype->m_varparam, ty2, sizeof(ty2));
+        compile_error(typevar->m_context,
                       "function was declared to take varargs of type `%s`, requested type is: %s",
                       ty2, ty1);
     }
 
-    out = (ast_expression*)ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)(parser->function->varargs), idx);
-    ast_type_adopt(out, typevar);
-    ast_delete(typevar);
+    out = ast_array_index::make(ctx, parser->function->m_varargs.get(), idx);
+    out->adoptType(*typevar);
+    delete typevar;
     return out;
 }
 
@@ -1511,7 +1544,7 @@ static bool parse_sya_operand(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy, bool with_labels)
         val = (ast_value*)parser->m_fold.constgen_string(parser_tokval(parser), true);
         if (!val)
             return false;
-        sy->out.push_back(syexp(parser_ctx(parser), (ast_expression*)val));
+        sy->out.push_back(syexp(parser_ctx(parser), val));
 
         if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != ')') {
             parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren after translatable string");
@@ -1573,24 +1606,24 @@ static bool parse_sya_operand(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy, bool with_labels)
             /* When adding more intrinsics, fix the above condition */
             prev = nullptr;
         }
-        if (prev && prev->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR && ctoken[0] >= 'x' && ctoken[0] <= 'z' && !ctoken[1])
+        if (prev && prev->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR && ctoken[0] >= 'x' && ctoken[0] <= 'z' && !ctoken[1])
         {
-            var = (ast_expression*)parser->const_vec[ctoken[0]-'x'];
+            var = parser->const_vec[ctoken[0]-'x'];
         } else {
             var = parser_find_var(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
             if (!var)
                 var = parser_find_field(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
         }
         if (!var && with_labels) {
-            var = (ast_expression*)parser_find_label(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
+            var = parser_find_label(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
             if (!with_labels) {
-                ast_label *lbl = ast_label_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), true);
-                var = (ast_expression*)lbl;
+                ast_label *lbl = new ast_label(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), true);
+                var = lbl;
                 parser->labels.push_back(lbl);
             }
         }
         if (!var && !strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "__FUNC__"))
-            var = (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_string(parser->function->name, false);
+            var = parser->m_fold.constgen_string(parser->function->m_name, false);
         if (!var) {
             /*
              * now we try for the real intrinsic hashtable. If the string
@@ -1636,12 +1669,12 @@ static bool parse_sya_operand(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy, bool with_labels)
         else
         {
             if (ast_istype(var, ast_value)) {
-                ((ast_value*)var)->uses++;
+                ((ast_value*)var)->m_uses++;
             }
             else if (ast_istype(var, ast_member)) {
                 ast_member *mem = (ast_member*)var;
-                if (ast_istype(mem->owner, ast_value))
-                    ((ast_value*)(mem->owner))->uses++;
+                if (ast_istype(mem->m_owner, ast_value))
+                    ((ast_value*)(mem->m_owner))->m_uses++;
             }
         }
         sy->out.push_back(syexp(parser_ctx(parser), var));
@@ -1889,12 +1922,12 @@ static ast_expression* parse_expression_leave(parser_t *parser, bool stopatcomma
                 ast_expression *lexpr = sy.out.back().out;
                 if (ast_istype(lexpr, ast_value)) {
                     ast_value *last = (ast_value*)lexpr;
-                    if (last->isimm == true && last->cvq == CV_CONST &&
-                        last->hasvalue && last->expression.vtype == TYPE_STRING)
+                    if (last->m_isimm == true && last->m_cvq == CV_CONST &&
+                        last->m_hasvalue && last->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING)
                     {
                         char *newstr = nullptr;
-                        util_asprintf(&newstr, "%s%s", last->constval.vstring, parser_tokval(parser));
-                        sy.out.back().out = (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_string(newstr, false);
+                        util_asprintf(&newstr, "%s%s", last->m_constval.vstring, parser_tokval(parser));
+                        sy.out.back().out = parser->m_fold.constgen_string(newstr, false);
                         mem_d(newstr);
                         concatenated = true;
                     }
@@ -1991,15 +2024,15 @@ static bool parser_leaveblock(parser_t *parser)
         ast_expression *e = vec_last(parser->_locals);
         ast_value      *v = (ast_value*)e;
         vec_pop(parser->_locals);
-        if (ast_istype(e, ast_value) && !v->uses) {
-            if (compile_warning(ast_ctx(v), WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE, "unused variable: `%s`", v->name))
+        if (ast_istype(e, ast_value) && !v->m_uses) {
+            if (compile_warning(v->m_context, WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE, "unused variable: `%s`", v->m_name))
                 rv = false;
         }
     }
 
     typedefs = vec_last(parser->_blocktypedefs);
     while (vec_size(parser->_typedefs) != typedefs) {
-        ast_delete(vec_last(parser->_typedefs));
+        delete vec_last(parser->_typedefs);
         vec_pop(parser->_typedefs);
     }
     util_htdel(vec_last(parser->typedefs));
@@ -2015,12 +2048,18 @@ static void parser_addlocal(parser_t *parser, const char *name, ast_expression *
     vec_push(parser->_locals, e);
     util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), name, (void*)e);
 }
+static void parser_addlocal(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, ast_expression *e) {
+    return parser_addlocal(parser, name.c_str(), e);
+}
 
 static void parser_addglobal(parser_t *parser, const char *name, ast_expression *e)
 {
     parser->globals.push_back(e);
     util_htset(parser->htglobals, name, e);
 }
+static void parser_addglobal(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, ast_expression *e) {
+    return parser_addglobal(parser, name.c_str(), e);
+}
 
 static ast_expression* process_condition(parser_t *parser, ast_expression *cond, bool *_ifnot)
 {
@@ -2028,16 +2067,16 @@ static ast_expression* process_condition(parser_t *parser, ast_expression *cond,
     ast_unary *unary;
     ast_expression *prev;
 
-    if (cond->vtype == TYPE_VOID || cond->vtype >= TYPE_VARIANT) {
+    if (cond->m_vtype == TYPE_VOID || cond->m_vtype >= TYPE_VARIANT) {
         char ty[1024];
         ast_type_to_string(cond, ty, sizeof(ty));
-        compile_error(ast_ctx(cond), "invalid type for if() condition: %s", ty);
+        compile_error(cond->m_context, "invalid type for if() condition: %s", ty);
     }
 
-    if (OPTS_FLAG(FALSE_EMPTY_STRINGS) && cond->vtype == TYPE_STRING)
+    if (OPTS_FLAG(FALSE_EMPTY_STRINGS) && cond->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING)
     {
         prev = cond;
-        cond = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ast_ctx(cond), INSTR_NOT_S, cond);
+        cond = ast_unary::make(cond->m_context, INSTR_NOT_S, cond);
         if (!cond) {
             ast_unref(prev);
             parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to process condition");
@@ -2045,15 +2084,15 @@ static ast_expression* process_condition(parser_t *parser, ast_expression *cond,
         }
         ifnot = !ifnot;
     }
-    else if (OPTS_FLAG(CORRECT_LOGIC) && cond->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
+    else if (OPTS_FLAG(CORRECT_LOGIC) && cond->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
     {
         /* vector types need to be cast to true booleans */
         ast_binary *bin = (ast_binary*)cond;
-        if (!OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC) || !ast_istype(cond, ast_binary) || !(bin->op == INSTR_AND || bin->op == INSTR_OR))
+        if (!OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC) || !ast_istype(cond, ast_binary) || !(bin->m_op == INSTR_AND || bin->m_op == INSTR_OR))
         {
             /* in perl-logic, AND and OR take care of the -fcorrect-logic */
             prev = cond;
-            cond = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ast_ctx(cond), INSTR_NOT_V, cond);
+            cond = ast_unary::make(cond->m_context, INSTR_NOT_V, cond);
             if (!cond) {
                 ast_unref(prev);
                 parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to process condition");
@@ -2065,11 +2104,11 @@ static ast_expression* process_condition(parser_t *parser, ast_expression *cond,
 
     unary = (ast_unary*)cond;
     /* ast_istype dereferences cond, should test here for safety */
-    while (cond && ast_istype(cond, ast_unary) && unary->op == INSTR_NOT_F)
+    while (cond && ast_istype(cond, ast_unary) && unary->m_op == INSTR_NOT_F)
     {
-        cond = unary->operand;
-        unary->operand = nullptr;
-        ast_delete(unary);
+        cond = unary->m_operand;
+        unary->m_operand = nullptr;
+        delete unary;
         ifnot = !ifnot;
         unary = (ast_unary*)cond;
     }
@@ -2133,18 +2172,18 @@ static bool parse_if(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **out)
         return false;
     }
     if (!ontrue)
-        ontrue = (ast_expression*)ast_block_new(parser_ctx(parser));
+        ontrue = new ast_block(parser_ctx(parser));
     /* check for an else */
     if (!strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "else")) {
         /* parse into the 'else' branch */
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
             parseerror(parser, "expected on-false branch after 'else'");
-            ast_delete(ontrue);
+            delete ontrue;
             ast_unref(cond);
             return false;
         }
         if (!parse_statement_or_block(parser, &onfalse)) {
-            ast_delete(ontrue);
+            delete ontrue;
             ast_unref(cond);
             return false;
         }
@@ -2152,16 +2191,16 @@ static bool parse_if(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **out)
 
     cond = process_condition(parser, cond, &ifnot);
     if (!cond) {
-        if (ontrue)  ast_delete(ontrue);
-        if (onfalse) ast_delete(onfalse);
+        if (ontrue)  delete ontrue;
+        if (onfalse) delete onfalse;
         return false;
     }
 
     if (ifnot)
-        ifthen = ast_ifthen_new(ctx, cond, onfalse, ontrue);
+        ifthen = new ast_ifthen(ctx, cond, onfalse, ontrue);
     else
-        ifthen = ast_ifthen_new(ctx, cond, ontrue, onfalse);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)ifthen;
+        ifthen = new ast_ifthen(ctx, cond, ontrue, onfalse);
+    *out = ifthen;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2209,7 +2248,7 @@ static bool parse_while(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **out
     if (parser->breaks.back() != label || parser->continues.back() != label) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: label stack corrupted");
         rv = false;
-        ast_delete(*out);
+        delete *out;
         *out = nullptr;
     }
     else {
@@ -2261,8 +2300,8 @@ static bool parse_while_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **
         ast_unref(ontrue);
         return false;
     }
-    aloop = ast_loop_new(ctx, nullptr, cond, ifnot, nullptr, false, nullptr, ontrue);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)aloop;
+    aloop = new ast_loop(ctx, nullptr, cond, ifnot, nullptr, false, nullptr, ontrue);
+    *out = aloop;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2305,12 +2344,7 @@ static bool parse_dowhile(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **o
     if (parser->breaks.back() != label || parser->continues.back() != label) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: label stack corrupted");
         rv = false;
-        /*
-         * Test for nullptr otherwise ast_delete dereferences null pointer
-         * and boom.
-         */
-        if (*out)
-            ast_delete(*out);
+        delete *out;
         *out = nullptr;
     }
     else {
@@ -2339,20 +2373,20 @@ static bool parse_dowhile_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression
         strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "while"))
     {
         parseerror(parser, "expected 'while' and condition");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         return false;
     }
 
     /* skip the 'while' and check for opening paren */
     if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != '(') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected 'while' condition in parenthesis");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         return false;
     }
     /* parse into the expression */
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
         parseerror(parser, "expected 'while' condition after opening paren");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         return false;
     }
     /* parse the condition */
@@ -2362,32 +2396,32 @@ static bool parse_dowhile_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression
     /* closing paren */
     if (parser->tok != ')') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren after 'while' condition");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         ast_unref(cond);
         return false;
     }
     /* parse on */
     if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != ';') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected semicolon after condition");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         ast_unref(cond);
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
         parseerror(parser, "parse error");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         ast_unref(cond);
         return false;
     }
 
     cond = process_condition(parser, cond, &ifnot);
     if (!cond) {
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         return false;
     }
-    aloop = ast_loop_new(ctx, nullptr, nullptr, false, cond, ifnot, nullptr, ontrue);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)aloop;
+    aloop = new ast_loop(ctx, nullptr, nullptr, false, cond, ifnot, nullptr, ontrue);
+    *out = aloop;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2435,7 +2469,7 @@ static bool parse_for(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **out)
     if (parser->breaks.back() != label || parser->continues.back() != label) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: label stack corrupted");
         rv = false;
-        ast_delete(*out);
+        delete *out;
         *out = nullptr;
     }
     else {
@@ -2480,17 +2514,18 @@ static bool parse_for_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         initexpr = parse_expression_leave(parser, false, false, false);
         if (!initexpr)
             goto onerr;
-
         /* move on to condition */
         if (parser->tok != ';') {
             parseerror(parser, "expected semicolon after for-loop initializer");
             goto onerr;
         }
-
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
             parseerror(parser, "expected for-loop condition");
             goto onerr;
         }
+    } else if (!parser_next(parser)) {
+        parseerror(parser, "expected for-loop condition");
+        goto onerr;
     }
 
     /* parse the condition */
@@ -2499,7 +2534,6 @@ static bool parse_for_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         if (!cond)
             goto onerr;
     }
-
     /* move on to incrementor */
     if (parser->tok != ';') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected semicolon after for-loop initializer");
@@ -2516,7 +2550,7 @@ static bool parse_for_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         increment = parse_expression_leave(parser, false, false, false);
         if (!increment)
             goto onerr;
-        if (!ast_side_effects(increment)) {
+        if (!increment->m_side_effects) {
             if (compile_warning(condctx, WARN_EFFECTLESS_STATEMENT, "statement has no effect"))
                 goto onerr;
         }
@@ -2540,11 +2574,11 @@ static bool parse_for_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         if (!cond)
             goto onerr;
     }
-    aloop = ast_loop_new(ctx, initexpr, cond, ifnot, nullptr, false, increment, ontrue);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)aloop;
+    aloop = new ast_loop(ctx, initexpr, cond, ifnot, nullptr, false, increment, ontrue);
+    *out = aloop;
 
     if (!parser_leaveblock(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(aloop);
+        delete aloop;
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -2561,8 +2595,8 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
     ast_expression *exp      = nullptr;
     ast_expression *var      = nullptr;
     ast_return     *ret      = nullptr;
-    ast_value      *retval   = parser->function->return_value;
-    ast_value      *expected = parser->function->function_type;
+    ast_value      *retval   = parser->function->m_return_value;
+    ast_value      *expected = parser->function->m_function_type;
 
     lex_ctx_t ctx = parser_ctx(parser);
 
@@ -2580,9 +2614,9 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
             return false;
         }
 
-        if (type_store_instr[expected->expression.next->vtype] == VINSTR_END) {
+        if (type_store_instr[expected->m_next->m_vtype] == VINSTR_END) {
             char ty1[1024];
-            ast_type_to_string(expected->expression.next, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
+            ast_type_to_string(expected->m_next, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
             parseerror(parser, "invalid return type: `%s'", ty1);
             return false;
         }
@@ -2597,23 +2631,23 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
 
         /* prepare the return value */
         if (!retval) {
-            retval = ast_value_new(ctx, "#LOCAL_RETURN", TYPE_VOID);
-            ast_type_adopt(retval, expected->expression.next);
-            parser->function->return_value = retval;
+            retval = new ast_value(ctx, "#LOCAL_RETURN", TYPE_VOID);
+            retval->adoptType(*expected->m_next);
+            parser->function->m_return_value = retval;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_compare_type(exp, (ast_expression*)retval)) {
+        if (!exp->compareType(*retval)) {
             char ty1[1024], ty2[1024];
             ast_type_to_string(exp, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-            ast_type_to_string(&retval->expression, ty2, sizeof(ty2));
+            ast_type_to_string(retval, ty2, sizeof(ty2));
             parseerror(parser, "invalid type for return value: `%s', expected `%s'", ty1, ty2);
         }
 
         /* store to 'return' local variable */
-        var = (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        var = new ast_store(
             ctx,
-            type_store_instr[expected->expression.next->vtype],
-            (ast_expression*)retval, exp);
+            type_store_instr[expected->m_next->m_vtype],
+            retval, exp);
 
         if (!var) {
             ast_unref(exp);
@@ -2634,13 +2668,13 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         if (!exp)
             return false;
 
-        if (exp->vtype != TYPE_NIL &&
-            exp->vtype != ((ast_expression*)expected)->next->vtype)
+        if (exp->m_vtype != TYPE_NIL &&
+            exp->m_vtype != (expected)->m_next->m_vtype)
         {
             parseerror(parser, "return with invalid expression");
         }
 
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, exp);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, exp);
         if (!ret) {
             ast_unref(exp);
             return false;
@@ -2649,13 +2683,13 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         if (!parser_next(parser))
             parseerror(parser, "parse error");
 
-        if (!retval && expected->expression.next->vtype != TYPE_VOID)
+        if (!retval && expected->m_next->m_vtype != TYPE_VOID)
         {
             (void)!parsewarning(parser, WARN_MISSING_RETURN_VALUES, "return without value");
         }
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)retval);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, retval);
     }
-    *out = (ast_expression*)ret;
+    *out = ret;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2708,7 +2742,7 @@ static bool parse_break_continue(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_express
     if (!parser_next(parser))
         parseerror(parser, "parse error");
 
-    *out = (ast_expression*)ast_breakcont_new(ctx, is_continue, levels);
+    *out = new ast_breakcont(ctx, is_continue, levels);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2989,7 +3023,7 @@ static bool parse_switch(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
     if (parser->breaks.back() != label) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: label stack corrupted");
         rv = false;
-        ast_delete(*out);
+        delete *out;
         *out = nullptr;
     }
     else {
@@ -3025,24 +3059,24 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
     if (!operand)
         return false;
 
-    switchnode = ast_switch_new(ctx, operand);
+    switchnode = new ast_switch(ctx, operand);
 
     /* closing paren */
     if (parser->tok != ')') {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren after 'switch' operand");
         return false;
     }
 
     /* parse over the opening paren */
     if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != '{') {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "expected list of cases");
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "expected 'case' or 'default'");
         return false;
     }
@@ -3055,7 +3089,7 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
             typevar = parser_find_typedef(parser, parser_tokval(parser), 0);
         if (typevar || parser->tok == TOKEN_TYPENAME) {
             if (!parse_variable(parser, block, true, CV_NONE, typevar, false, false, 0, nullptr)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
             continue;
@@ -3063,11 +3097,11 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
         if (parse_qualifiers(parser, true, &cvq, &noref, &is_static, &qflags, nullptr))
         {
             if (cvq == CV_WRONG) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
             if (!parse_variable(parser, block, true, cvq, nullptr, noref, is_static, qflags, nullptr)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
             continue;
@@ -3081,18 +3115,64 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
 
         if (!strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "case")) {
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 parseerror(parser, "expected expression for case");
                 return false;
             }
-            swcase.value = parse_expression_leave(parser, false, false, false);
-            if (!swcase.value) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+            swcase.m_value = parse_expression_leave(parser, false, false, false);
+
+            if (!operand->compareType(*swcase.m_value)) {
+                char ty1[1024];
+                char ty2[1024];
+
+                ast_type_to_string(swcase.m_value, ty1, sizeof ty1);
+                ast_type_to_string(operand, ty2, sizeof ty2);
+
+                auto fnLiteral = [](ast_expression *expression) -> char* {
+                    if (!ast_istype(expression, ast_value))
+                        return nullptr;
+                    ast_value *value = (ast_value *)expression;
+                    if (!value->m_hasvalue)
+                        return nullptr;
+                    char *string = nullptr;
+                    basic_value_t *constval = &value->m_constval;
+                    switch (value->m_vtype)
+                    {
+                    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+                        util_asprintf(&string, "%.2f", constval->vfloat);
+                        return string;
+                    case TYPE_VECTOR:
+                        util_asprintf(&string, "'%.2f %.2f %.2f'",
+                            constval->vvec.x,
+                            constval->vvec.y,
+                            constval->vvec.z);
+                        return string;
+                    case TYPE_STRING:
+                        util_asprintf(&string, "\"%s\"", constval->vstring);
+                        return string;
+                    default:
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    return nullptr;
+                };
+
+                char *literal = fnLiteral(swcase.m_value);
+                if (literal)
+                    compile_error(parser_ctx(parser), "incompatible type `%s` for switch case `%s` expected `%s`", ty1, literal, ty2);
+                else
+                    compile_error(parser_ctx(parser), "incompatible type `%s` for switch case expected `%s`", ty1, ty2);
+                mem_d(literal);
+                delete switchnode;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (!swcase.m_value) {
+                delete switchnode;
                 parseerror(parser, "expected expression for case");
                 return false;
             }
             if (!OPTS_FLAG(RELAXED_SWITCH)) {
-                if (!ast_istype(swcase.value, ast_value)) { /* || ((ast_value*)swcase.value)->cvq != CV_CONST) { */
+                if (!ast_istype(swcase.m_value, ast_value)) { /* || ((ast_value*)swcase.m_value)->m_cvq != CV_CONST) { */
                     parseerror(parser, "case on non-constant values need to be explicitly enabled via -frelaxed-switch");
                     ast_unref(operand);
                     return false;
@@ -3100,41 +3180,41 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
             }
         }
         else if (!strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "default")) {
-            swcase.value = nullptr;
+            swcase.m_value = nullptr;
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 parseerror(parser, "expected colon");
                 return false;
             }
         }
         else {
-            ast_delete(switchnode);
+            delete switchnode;
             parseerror(parser, "expected 'case' or 'default'");
             return false;
         }
 
         /* Now the colon and body */
         if (parser->tok != ':') {
-            if (swcase.value) ast_unref(swcase.value);
-            ast_delete(switchnode);
+            if (swcase.m_value) ast_unref(swcase.m_value);
+            delete switchnode;
             parseerror(parser, "expected colon");
             return false;
         }
 
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-            if (swcase.value) ast_unref(swcase.value);
-            ast_delete(switchnode);
+            if (swcase.m_value) ast_unref(swcase.m_value);
+            delete switchnode;
             parseerror(parser, "expected statements or case");
             return false;
         }
-        caseblock = ast_block_new(parser_ctx(parser));
+        caseblock = new ast_block(parser_ctx(parser));
         if (!caseblock) {
-            if (swcase.value) ast_unref(swcase.value);
-            ast_delete(switchnode);
+            if (swcase.m_value) ast_unref(swcase.m_value);
+            delete switchnode;
             return false;
         }
-        swcase.code = (ast_expression*)caseblock;
-        switchnode->cases.push_back(swcase);
+        swcase.m_code = caseblock;
+        switchnode->m_cases.push_back(swcase);
         while (true) {
             ast_expression *expr;
             if (parser->tok == '}')
@@ -3147,13 +3227,13 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
                 }
             }
             if (!parse_statement(parser, caseblock, &expr, true)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
             if (!expr)
                 continue;
-            if (!ast_block_add_expr(caseblock, expr)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+            if (!caseblock->addExpr(expr)) {
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -3163,16 +3243,16 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
 
     /* closing paren */
     if (parser->tok != '}') {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren of case list");
         return false;
     }
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "parse error after switch");
         return false;
     }
-    *out = (ast_expression*)switchnode;
+    *out = switchnode;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -3187,8 +3267,8 @@ static ast_expression *parse_goto_computed(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **si
 
     if (ast_istype(*side, ast_ternary)) {
         ast_ternary *tern = (ast_ternary*)*side;
-        on_true  = parse_goto_computed(parser, &tern->on_true);
-        on_false = parse_goto_computed(parser, &tern->on_false);
+        on_true  = parse_goto_computed(parser, &tern->m_on_true);
+        on_false = parse_goto_computed(parser, &tern->m_on_false);
 
         if (!on_true || !on_false) {
             parseerror(parser, "expected label or expression in ternary");
@@ -3197,16 +3277,16 @@ static ast_expression *parse_goto_computed(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **si
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        cond = tern->cond;
-        tern->cond = nullptr;
-        ast_delete(tern);
+        cond = tern->m_cond;
+        tern->m_cond = nullptr;
+        delete tern;
         *side = nullptr;
-        return (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(parser_ctx(parser), cond, on_true, on_false);
+        return new ast_ifthen(parser_ctx(parser), cond, on_true, on_false);
     } else if (ast_istype(*side, ast_label)) {
-        ast_goto *gt = ast_goto_new(parser_ctx(parser), ((ast_label*)*side)->name);
-        ast_goto_set_label(gt, ((ast_label*)*side));
+        ast_goto *gt = new ast_goto(parser_ctx(parser), ((ast_label*)*side)->m_name);
+        gt->setLabel(reinterpret_cast<ast_label*>(*side));
         *side = nullptr;
-        return (ast_expression*)gt;
+        return gt;
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -3241,15 +3321,15 @@ static bool parse_goto(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **out)
     }
 
     /* not computed goto */
-    gt = ast_goto_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser));
-    lbl = parser_find_label(parser, gt->name);
+    gt = new ast_goto(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser));
+    lbl = parser_find_label(parser, gt->m_name);
     if (lbl) {
         if (!ast_istype(lbl, ast_label)) {
             parseerror(parser, "internal error: label is not an ast_label");
-            ast_delete(gt);
+            delete gt;
             return false;
         }
-        ast_goto_set_label(gt, (ast_label*)lbl);
+        gt->setLabel(reinterpret_cast<ast_label*>(lbl));
     }
     else
         parser->gotos.push_back(gt);
@@ -3263,7 +3343,7 @@ static bool parse_goto(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **out)
         return false;
     }
 
-    *out = (ast_expression*)gt;
+    *out = gt;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -3390,8 +3470,8 @@ static bool parse_statement(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
 
             if (parser->tok == TOKEN_IDENT && (tdef = parser_find_typedef(parser, parser_tokval(parser), 0)))
             {
-                ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)tdef, ty, sizeof(ty));
-                con_out("__builtin_debug_printtype: `%s`=`%s`\n", tdef->name, ty);
+                ast_type_to_string(tdef, ty, sizeof(ty));
+                con_out("__builtin_debug_printtype: `%s`=`%s`\n", tdef->m_name.c_str(), ty);
                 if (!parser_next(parser)) {
                     parseerror(parser, "parse error after __builtin_debug_printtype typename argument");
                     return false;
@@ -3477,7 +3557,7 @@ static bool parse_statement(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
         inner = parse_block(parser);
         if (!inner)
             return false;
-        *out = (ast_expression*)inner;
+        *out = inner;
         return true;
     }
     else if (parser->tok == ':')
@@ -3494,24 +3574,24 @@ static bool parse_statement(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
         }
         label = (ast_label*)parser_find_label(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
         if (label) {
-            if (!label->undefined) {
-                parseerror(parser, "label `%s` already defined", label->name);
+            if (!label->m_undefined) {
+                parseerror(parser, "label `%s` already defined", label->m_name);
                 return false;
             }
-            label->undefined = false;
+            label->m_undefined = false;
         }
         else {
-            label = ast_label_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), false);
+            label = new ast_label(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), false);
             parser->labels.push_back(label);
         }
-        *out = (ast_expression*)label;
+        *out = label;
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
             parseerror(parser, "parse error after label");
             return false;
         }
         for (i = 0; i < parser->gotos.size(); ++i) {
-            if (!strcmp(parser->gotos[i]->name, label->name)) {
-                ast_goto_set_label(parser->gotos[i], label);
+            if (parser->gotos[i]->m_name == label->m_name) {
+                parser->gotos[i]->setLabel(label);
                 parser->gotos.erase(parser->gotos.begin() + i);
                 --i;
             }
@@ -3533,7 +3613,7 @@ static bool parse_statement(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
         if (!exp)
             return false;
         *out = exp;
-        if (!ast_side_effects(exp)) {
+        if (!exp->m_side_effects) {
             if (compile_warning(ctx, WARN_EFFECTLESS_STATEMENT, "statement has no effect"))
                 return false;
         }
@@ -3598,18 +3678,18 @@ static bool parse_enum(parser_t *parser)
             old = parser_find_global(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
         if (old) {
             parseerror(parser, "value `%s` has already been declared here: %s:%i",
-                       parser_tokval(parser), ast_ctx(old).file, ast_ctx(old).line);
+                       parser_tokval(parser), old->m_context.file, old->m_context.line);
             goto onerror;
         }
 
-        var = ast_value_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), TYPE_FLOAT);
+        var = new ast_value(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), TYPE_FLOAT);
         vec_push(values, var);
-        var->cvq             = CV_CONST;
-        var->hasvalue        = true;
+        var->m_cvq             = CV_CONST;
+        var->m_hasvalue        = true;
 
         /* for flagged enumerations increment in POTs of TWO */
-        var->constval.vfloat = (flag) ? (num *= 2) : (num ++);
-        parser_addglobal(parser, var->name, (ast_expression*)var);
+        var->m_constval.vfloat = (flag) ? (num *= 2) : (num ++);
+        parser_addglobal(parser, var->m_name, var);
 
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
             parseerror(parser, "expected `=`, `}` or comma after identifier");
@@ -3633,11 +3713,11 @@ static bool parse_enum(parser_t *parser)
         /* We got a value! */
         old = parse_expression_leave(parser, true, false, false);
         asvalue = (ast_value*)old;
-        if (!ast_istype(old, ast_value) || asvalue->cvq != CV_CONST || !asvalue->hasvalue) {
-            compile_error(ast_ctx(var), "constant value or expression expected");
+        if (!ast_istype(old, ast_value) || asvalue->m_cvq != CV_CONST || !asvalue->m_hasvalue) {
+            compile_error(var->m_context, "constant value or expression expected");
             goto onerror;
         }
-        num = (var->constval.vfloat = asvalue->constval.vfloat) + 1;
+        num = (var->m_constval.vfloat = asvalue->m_constval.vfloat) + 1;
 
         if (parser->tok == '}')
             break;
@@ -3651,7 +3731,7 @@ static bool parse_enum(parser_t *parser)
     if (reverse) {
         size_t i;
         for (i = 0; i < vec_size(values); i++)
-            values[i]->constval.vfloat = vec_size(values) - i - 1;
+            values[i]->m_constval.vfloat = vec_size(values) - i - 1;
     }
 
     if (parser->tok != '}') {
@@ -3701,8 +3781,8 @@ static bool parse_block_into(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block)
         }
         if (!expr)
             continue;
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, expr)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(expr)) {
+            delete block;
             block = nullptr;
             goto cleanup;
         }
@@ -3723,11 +3803,11 @@ cleanup:
 static ast_block* parse_block(parser_t *parser)
 {
     ast_block *block;
-    block = ast_block_new(parser_ctx(parser));
+    block = new ast_block(parser_ctx(parser));
     if (!block)
         return nullptr;
     if (!parse_block_into(parser, block)) {
-        ast_block_delete(block);
+        delete block;
         return nullptr;
     }
     return block;
@@ -3736,7 +3816,7 @@ static ast_block* parse_block(parser_t *parser)
 static bool parse_statement_or_block(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **out)
 {
     if (parser->tok == '{') {
-        *out = (ast_expression*)parse_block(parser);
+        *out = parse_block(parser);
         return !!*out;
     }
     return parse_statement(parser, nullptr, out, false);
@@ -3745,15 +3825,15 @@ static bool parse_statement_or_block(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **out)
 static bool create_vector_members(ast_value *var, ast_member **me)
 {
     size_t i;
-    size_t len = strlen(var->name);
+    size_t len = var->m_name.length();
 
     for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
         char *name = (char*)mem_a(len+3);
-        memcpy(name, var->name, len);
+        memcpy(name, var->m_name.c_str(), len);
         name[len+0] = '_';
         name[len+1] = 'x'+i;
         name[len+2] = 0;
-        me[i] = ast_member_new(ast_ctx(var), (ast_expression*)var, i, name);
+        me[i] = ast_member::make(var->m_context, var, i, name);
         mem_d(name);
         if (!me[i])
             break;
@@ -3762,7 +3842,7 @@ static bool create_vector_members(ast_value *var, ast_member **me)
         return true;
 
     /* unroll */
-    do { ast_member_delete(me[--i]); } while(i);
+    do { delete me[--i]; } while(i);
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -3784,7 +3864,7 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
     has_frame_think = false;
     old = parser->function;
 
-    if (var->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS) {
+    if (var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS) {
         parseerror(parser, "function aliases cannot have bodies");
         return false;
     }
@@ -3794,7 +3874,7 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (!OPTS_FLAG(VARIADIC_ARGS) && var->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC) {
+    if (!OPTS_FLAG(VARIADIC_ARGS) && var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC) {
         if (parsewarning(parser, WARN_VARIADIC_FUNCTION,
                          "variadic function with implementation will not be able to access additional parameters (try -fvariadic-args)"))
         {
@@ -3835,7 +3915,7 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
             parseerror(parser, "expected a framenumber constant in[frame,think] notation");
             return false;
         }
-        if (!ast_istype(framenum, ast_value) || !( (ast_value*)framenum )->hasvalue) {
+        if (!ast_istype(framenum, ast_value) || !( (ast_value*)framenum )->m_hasvalue) {
             ast_unref(framenum);
             parseerror(parser, "framenumber in [frame,think] notation must be a constant");
             return false;
@@ -3858,25 +3938,25 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
             /* qc allows the use of not-yet-declared functions here
              * - this automatically creates a prototype */
             ast_value      *thinkfunc;
-            ast_expression *functype = fld_think->next;
+            ast_expression *functype = fld_think->m_next;
 
-            thinkfunc = ast_value_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), functype->vtype);
-            if (!thinkfunc) { /* || !ast_type_adopt(thinkfunc, functype)*/
+            thinkfunc = new ast_value(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), functype->m_vtype);
+            if (!thinkfunc) { /* || !thinkfunc->adoptType(*functype)*/
                 ast_unref(framenum);
                 parseerror(parser, "failed to create implicit prototype for `%s`", parser_tokval(parser));
                 return false;
             }
-            ast_type_adopt(thinkfunc, functype);
+            thinkfunc->adoptType(*functype);
 
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
                 ast_unref(framenum);
-                ast_delete(thinkfunc);
+                delete thinkfunc;
                 return false;
             }
 
-            parser_addglobal(parser, thinkfunc->name, (ast_expression*)thinkfunc);
+            parser_addglobal(parser, thinkfunc->m_name, thinkfunc);
 
-            nextthink = (ast_expression*)thinkfunc;
+            nextthink = thinkfunc;
 
         } else {
             nextthink = parse_expression_leave(parser, true, false, false);
@@ -3915,7 +3995,7 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
         has_frame_think = true;
     }
 
-    block = ast_block_new(parser_ctx(parser));
+    block = new ast_block(parser_ctx(parser));
     if (!block) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to allocate block");
         if (has_frame_think) {
@@ -3927,12 +4007,12 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 
     if (has_frame_think) {
         if (!OPTS_FLAG(EMULATE_STATE)) {
-            ast_state *state_op = ast_state_new(parser_ctx(parser), framenum, nextthink);
-            if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)state_op)) {
+            ast_state *state_op = new ast_state(parser_ctx(parser), framenum, nextthink);
+            if (!block->addExpr(state_op)) {
                 parseerror(parser, "failed to generate state op for [frame,think]");
                 ast_unref(nextthink);
                 ast_unref(framenum);
-                ast_delete(block);
+                delete block;
                 return false;
             }
         } else {
@@ -3949,48 +4029,48 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
             float frame_delta = 1.0f / (float)OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STATE_FPS);
 
             ctx = parser_ctx(parser);
-            self_frame     = (ast_expression*)ast_entfield_new(ctx, gbl_self, fld_frame);
-            self_nextthink = (ast_expression*)ast_entfield_new(ctx, gbl_self, fld_nextthink);
-            self_think     = (ast_expression*)ast_entfield_new(ctx, gbl_self, fld_think);
+            self_frame     = new ast_entfield(ctx, gbl_self, fld_frame);
+            self_nextthink = new ast_entfield(ctx, gbl_self, fld_nextthink);
+            self_think     = new ast_entfield(ctx, gbl_self, fld_think);
 
-            time_plus_1    = (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(ctx, INSTR_ADD_F,
-                             gbl_time, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(frame_delta, false));
+            time_plus_1    = new ast_binary(ctx, INSTR_ADD_F,
+                             gbl_time, parser->m_fold.constgen_float(frame_delta, false));
 
             if (!self_frame || !self_nextthink || !self_think || !time_plus_1) {
-                if (self_frame)     ast_delete(self_frame);
-                if (self_nextthink) ast_delete(self_nextthink);
-                if (self_think)     ast_delete(self_think);
-                if (time_plus_1)    ast_delete(time_plus_1);
+                if (self_frame)     delete self_frame;
+                if (self_nextthink) delete self_nextthink;
+                if (self_think)     delete self_think;
+                if (time_plus_1)    delete time_plus_1;
                 retval = false;
             }
 
             if (retval)
             {
-                store_frame     = ast_store_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F,   self_frame,     framenum);
-                store_nextthink = ast_store_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F,   self_nextthink, time_plus_1);
-                store_think     = ast_store_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_FNC, self_think,     nextthink);
+                store_frame     = new ast_store(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F,   self_frame,     framenum);
+                store_nextthink = new ast_store(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F,   self_nextthink, time_plus_1);
+                store_think     = new ast_store(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_FNC, self_think,     nextthink);
 
                 if (!store_frame) {
-                    ast_delete(self_frame);
+                    delete self_frame;
                     retval = false;
                 }
                 if (!store_nextthink) {
-                    ast_delete(self_nextthink);
+                    delete self_nextthink;
                     retval = false;
                 }
                 if (!store_think) {
-                    ast_delete(self_think);
+                    delete self_think;
                     retval = false;
                 }
                 if (!retval) {
-                    if (store_frame)     ast_delete(store_frame);
-                    if (store_nextthink) ast_delete(store_nextthink);
-                    if (store_think)     ast_delete(store_think);
+                    if (store_frame)     delete store_frame;
+                    if (store_nextthink) delete store_nextthink;
+                    if (store_think)     delete store_think;
                     retval = false;
                 }
-                if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)store_frame) ||
-                    !ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)store_nextthink) ||
-                    !ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)store_think))
+                if (!block->addExpr(store_frame) ||
+                    !block->addExpr(store_nextthink) ||
+                    !block->addExpr(store_think))
                 {
                     retval = false;
                 }
@@ -4000,31 +4080,31 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
                 parseerror(parser, "failed to generate code for [frame,think]");
                 ast_unref(nextthink);
                 ast_unref(framenum);
-                ast_delete(block);
+                delete block;
                 return false;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    if (var->hasvalue) {
-        if (!(var->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_ACCUMULATE)) {
-            parseerror(parser, "function `%s` declared with multiple bodies", var->name);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+    if (var->m_hasvalue) {
+        if (!(var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ACCUMULATE)) {
+            parseerror(parser, "function `%s` declared with multiple bodies", var->m_name);
+            delete block;
             goto enderr;
         }
-        func = var->constval.vfunc;
+        func = var->m_constval.vfunc;
 
         if (!func) {
-            parseerror(parser, "internal error: nullptr function: `%s`", var->name);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+            parseerror(parser, "internal error: nullptr function: `%s`", var->m_name);
+            delete block;
             goto enderr;
         }
     } else {
-        func = ast_function_new(ast_ctx(var), var->name, var);
+        func = ast_function::make(var->m_context, var->m_name, var);
 
         if (!func) {
-            parseerror(parser, "failed to allocate function for `%s`", var->name);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+            parseerror(parser, "failed to allocate function for `%s`", var->m_name);
+            delete block;
             goto enderr;
         }
         parser->functions.push_back(func);
@@ -4032,63 +4112,63 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 
     parser_enterblock(parser);
 
-    for (auto &it : var->expression.type_params) {
+    for (auto &it : var->m_type_params) {
         size_t e;
         ast_member *me[3];
 
-        if (it->expression.vtype != TYPE_VECTOR &&
-            (it->expression.vtype != TYPE_FIELD ||
-             it->expression.next->vtype != TYPE_VECTOR))
+        if (it->m_vtype != TYPE_VECTOR &&
+            (it->m_vtype != TYPE_FIELD ||
+             it->m_next->m_vtype != TYPE_VECTOR))
         {
             continue;
         }
 
-        if (!create_vector_members(it, me)) {
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+        if (!create_vector_members(it.get(), me)) {
+            delete block;
             goto enderrfn;
         }
 
         for (e = 0; e < 3; ++e) {
-            parser_addlocal(parser, me[e]->name, (ast_expression*)me[e]);
-            ast_block_collect(block, (ast_expression*)me[e]);
+            parser_addlocal(parser, me[e]->m_name, me[e]);
+            block->collect(me[e]);
         }
     }
 
-    if (var->argcounter && !func->argc) {
-        ast_value *argc = ast_value_new(ast_ctx(var), var->argcounter, TYPE_FLOAT);
-        parser_addlocal(parser, argc->name, (ast_expression*)argc);
-        func->argc = argc;
+    if (var->m_argcounter && !func->m_argc) {
+        ast_value *argc = new ast_value(var->m_context, var->m_argcounter, TYPE_FLOAT);
+        parser_addlocal(parser, argc->m_name, argc);
+        func->m_argc.reset(argc);
     }
 
-    if (OPTS_FLAG(VARIADIC_ARGS) && var->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC && !func->varargs) {
+    if (OPTS_FLAG(VARIADIC_ARGS) && var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC && !func->m_varargs) {
         char name[1024];
-        ast_value *varargs = ast_value_new(ast_ctx(var), "reserved:va_args", TYPE_ARRAY);
-        varargs->expression.flags |= AST_FLAG_IS_VARARG;
-        varargs->expression.next = (ast_expression*)ast_value_new(ast_ctx(var), nullptr, TYPE_VECTOR);
-        varargs->expression.count = 0;
-        util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##va##SET", var->name);
+        ast_value *varargs = new ast_value(var->m_context, "reserved:va_args", TYPE_ARRAY);
+        varargs->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_IS_VARARG;
+        varargs->m_next = new ast_value(var->m_context, "", TYPE_VECTOR);
+        varargs->m_count = 0;
+        util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##va##SET", var->m_name.c_str());
         if (!parser_create_array_setter_proto(parser, varargs, name)) {
-            ast_delete(varargs);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+            delete varargs;
+            delete block;
             goto enderrfn;
         }
-        util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##va##GET", var->name);
-        if (!parser_create_array_getter_proto(parser, varargs, varargs->expression.next, name)) {
-            ast_delete(varargs);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+        util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##va##GET", var->m_name.c_str());
+        if (!parser_create_array_getter_proto(parser, varargs, varargs->m_next, name)) {
+            delete varargs;
+            delete block;
             goto enderrfn;
         }
-        func->varargs     = varargs;
-        func->fixedparams = (ast_value*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(var->expression.type_params.size(), false);
+        func->m_varargs.reset(varargs);
+        func->m_fixedparams = (ast_value*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(var->m_type_params.size(), false);
     }
 
     parser->function = func;
     if (!parse_block_into(parser, block)) {
-        ast_block_delete(block);
+        delete block;
         goto enderrfn;
     }
 
-    func->blocks.push_back(block);
+    func->m_blocks.emplace_back(block);
 
     parser->function = old;
     if (!parser_leaveblock(parser))
@@ -4107,8 +4187,8 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 enderrfn:
     (void)!parser_leaveblock(parser);
     parser->functions.pop_back();
-    ast_function_delete(func);
-    var->constval.vfunc = nullptr;
+    delete func;
+    var->m_constval.vfunc = nullptr;
 
 enderr:
     parser->function = old;
@@ -4127,37 +4207,37 @@ static ast_expression *array_accessor_split(
     ast_ifthen *ifthen;
     ast_binary *cmp;
 
-    lex_ctx_t ctx = ast_ctx(array);
+    lex_ctx_t ctx = array->m_context;
 
     if (!left || !right) {
-        if (left)  ast_delete(left);
-        if (right) ast_delete(right);
+        if (left)  delete left;
+        if (right) delete right;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    cmp = ast_binary_new(ctx, INSTR_LT,
-                         (ast_expression*)index,
-                         (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(middle, false));
+    cmp = new ast_binary(ctx, INSTR_LT,
+                         index,
+                         parser->m_fold.constgen_float(middle, false));
     if (!cmp) {
-        ast_delete(left);
-        ast_delete(right);
+        delete left;
+        delete right;
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to create comparison for array setter");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    ifthen = ast_ifthen_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)cmp, left, right);
+    ifthen = new ast_ifthen(ctx, cmp, left, right);
     if (!ifthen) {
-        ast_delete(cmp); /* will delete left and right */
+        delete cmp; /* will delete left and right */
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to create conditional jump for array setter");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    return (ast_expression*)ifthen;
+    return ifthen;
 }
 
 static ast_expression *array_setter_node(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, ast_value *index, ast_value *value, size_t from, size_t afterend)
 {
-    lex_ctx_t ctx = ast_ctx(array);
+    lex_ctx_t ctx = array->m_context;
 
     if (from+1 == afterend) {
         /* set this value */
@@ -4165,44 +4245,44 @@ static ast_expression *array_setter_node(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, ast
         ast_return      *ret;
         ast_array_index *subscript;
         ast_store       *st;
-        int assignop = type_store_instr[value->expression.vtype];
+        int assignop = type_store_instr[value->m_vtype];
 
-        if (value->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD && value->expression.next->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
+        if (value->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && value->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
             assignop = INSTR_STORE_V;
 
-        subscript = ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)array, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
+        subscript = ast_array_index::make(ctx, array, parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
         if (!subscript)
             return nullptr;
 
-        st = ast_store_new(ctx, assignop, (ast_expression*)subscript, (ast_expression*)value);
+        st = new ast_store(ctx, assignop, subscript, value);
         if (!st) {
-            ast_delete(subscript);
+            delete subscript;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        block = ast_block_new(ctx);
+        block = new ast_block(ctx);
         if (!block) {
-            ast_delete(st);
+            delete st;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)st)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(st)) {
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, nullptr);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, nullptr);
         if (!ret) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)ret)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(ret)) {
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        return (ast_expression*)block;
+        return block;
     } else {
         ast_expression *left, *right;
         size_t diff = afterend - from;
@@ -4222,7 +4302,7 @@ static ast_expression *array_field_setter_node(
     size_t     from,
     size_t     afterend)
 {
-    lex_ctx_t ctx = ast_ctx(array);
+    lex_ctx_t ctx = array->m_context;
 
     if (from+1 == afterend) {
         /* set this value */
@@ -4231,56 +4311,53 @@ static ast_expression *array_field_setter_node(
         ast_entfield    *entfield;
         ast_array_index *subscript;
         ast_store       *st;
-        int assignop = type_storep_instr[value->expression.vtype];
+        int assignop = type_storep_instr[value->m_vtype];
 
-        if (value->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD && value->expression.next->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
+        if (value->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && value->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
             assignop = INSTR_STOREP_V;
 
-        subscript = ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)array, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
+        subscript = ast_array_index::make(ctx, array, parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
         if (!subscript)
             return nullptr;
 
-        subscript->expression.next = ast_type_copy(ast_ctx(subscript), (ast_expression*)subscript);
-        subscript->expression.vtype = TYPE_FIELD;
+        subscript->m_next = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, subscript->m_context, *subscript);
+        subscript->m_vtype = TYPE_FIELD;
 
-        entfield = ast_entfield_new_force(ctx,
-                                          (ast_expression*)entity,
-                                          (ast_expression*)subscript,
-                                          (ast_expression*)subscript);
+        entfield = new ast_entfield(ctx, entity, subscript, subscript);
         if (!entfield) {
-            ast_delete(subscript);
+            delete subscript;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        st = ast_store_new(ctx, assignop, (ast_expression*)entfield, (ast_expression*)value);
+        st = new ast_store(ctx, assignop, entfield, value);
         if (!st) {
-            ast_delete(entfield);
+            delete entfield;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        block = ast_block_new(ctx);
+        block = new ast_block(ctx);
         if (!block) {
-            ast_delete(st);
+            delete st;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)st)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(st)) {
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, nullptr);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, nullptr);
         if (!ret) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)ret)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(ret)) {
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        return (ast_expression*)block;
+        return block;
     } else {
         ast_expression *left, *right;
         size_t diff = afterend - from;
@@ -4293,23 +4370,23 @@ static ast_expression *array_field_setter_node(
 
 static ast_expression *array_getter_node(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, ast_value *index, size_t from, size_t afterend)
 {
-    lex_ctx_t ctx = ast_ctx(array);
+    lex_ctx_t ctx = array->m_context;
 
     if (from+1 == afterend) {
         ast_return      *ret;
         ast_array_index *subscript;
 
-        subscript = ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)array, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
+        subscript = ast_array_index::make(ctx, array, parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
         if (!subscript)
             return nullptr;
 
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)subscript);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, subscript);
         if (!ret) {
-            ast_delete(subscript);
+            delete subscript;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        return (ast_expression*)ret;
+        return ret;
     } else {
         ast_expression *left, *right;
         size_t diff = afterend - from;
@@ -4326,29 +4403,29 @@ static bool parser_create_array_accessor(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, con
     ast_value      *fval = nullptr;
     ast_block      *body = nullptr;
 
-    fval = ast_value_new(ast_ctx(array), funcname, TYPE_FUNCTION);
+    fval = new ast_value(array->m_context, funcname, TYPE_FUNCTION);
     if (!fval) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create accessor function value");
         return false;
     }
-    fval->expression.flags &= ~(AST_FLAG_COVERAGE_MASK);
+    fval->m_flags &= ~(AST_FLAG_COVERAGE_MASK);
 
-    func = ast_function_new(ast_ctx(array), funcname, fval);
+    func = ast_function::make(array->m_context, funcname, fval);
     if (!func) {
-        ast_delete(fval);
+        delete fval;
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create accessor function node");
         return false;
     }
 
-    body = ast_block_new(ast_ctx(array));
+    body = new ast_block(array->m_context);
     if (!body) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create block for array accessor");
-        ast_delete(fval);
-        ast_delete(func);
+        delete fval;
+        delete func;
         return false;
     }
 
-    func->blocks.push_back(body);
+    func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     *out = fval;
 
     parser->accessors.push_back(fval);
@@ -4363,34 +4440,34 @@ static ast_value* parser_create_array_setter_proto(parser_t *parser, ast_value *
     ast_function   *func;
     ast_value      *fval;
 
-    if (!ast_istype(array->expression.next, ast_value)) {
+    if (!ast_istype(array->m_next, ast_value)) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: array accessor needs to build an ast_value with a copy of the element type");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     if (!parser_create_array_accessor(parser, array, funcname, &fval))
         return nullptr;
-    func = fval->constval.vfunc;
-    fval->expression.next = (ast_expression*)ast_value_new(ast_ctx(array), "<void>", TYPE_VOID);
+    func = fval->m_constval.vfunc;
+    fval->m_next = new ast_value(array->m_context, "<void>", TYPE_VOID);
 
-    index = ast_value_new(ast_ctx(array), "index", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    value = ast_value_copy((ast_value*)array->expression.next);
+    index = new ast_value(array->m_context, "index", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    value = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *(ast_value*)array->m_next);
 
     if (!index || !value) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create locals for array accessor");
         goto cleanup;
     }
-    (void)!ast_value_set_name(value, "value"); /* not important */
-    fval->expression.type_params.push_back(index);
-    fval->expression.type_params.push_back(value);
+    value->m_name = "value"; // not important
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(index);
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(value);
 
-    array->setter = fval;
+    array->m_setter = fval;
     return fval;
 cleanup:
-    if (index) ast_delete(index);
-    if (value) ast_delete(value);
-    ast_delete(func);
-    ast_delete(fval);
+    if (index) delete index;
+    if (value) delete value;
+    delete func;
+    delete fval;
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -4398,15 +4475,15 @@ static bool parser_create_array_setter_impl(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array)
 {
     ast_expression *root = nullptr;
     root = array_setter_node(parser, array,
-                             array->setter->expression.type_params[0],
-                             array->setter->expression.type_params[1],
-                             0, array->expression.count);
+                             array->m_setter->m_type_params[0].get(),
+                             array->m_setter->m_type_params[1].get(),
+                             0, array->m_count);
     if (!root) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to build accessor search tree");
         return false;
     }
-    if (!ast_block_add_expr(array->setter->constval.vfunc->blocks[0], root)) {
-        ast_delete(root);
+    if (!array->m_setter->m_constval.vfunc->m_blocks[0].get()->addExpr(root)) {
+        delete root;
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -4428,43 +4505,43 @@ static bool parser_create_array_field_setter(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array,
     ast_function   *func;
     ast_value      *fval;
 
-    if (!ast_istype(array->expression.next, ast_value)) {
+    if (!ast_istype(array->m_next, ast_value)) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: array accessor needs to build an ast_value with a copy of the element type");
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!parser_create_array_accessor(parser, array, funcname, &fval))
         return false;
-    func = fval->constval.vfunc;
-    fval->expression.next = (ast_expression*)ast_value_new(ast_ctx(array), "<void>", TYPE_VOID);
+    func = fval->m_constval.vfunc;
+    fval->m_next = new ast_value(array->m_context, "<void>", TYPE_VOID);
 
-    entity = ast_value_new(ast_ctx(array), "entity", TYPE_ENTITY);
-    index  = ast_value_new(ast_ctx(array), "index",  TYPE_FLOAT);
-    value  = ast_value_copy((ast_value*)array->expression.next);
+    entity = new ast_value(array->m_context, "entity", TYPE_ENTITY);
+    index  = new ast_value(array->m_context, "index",  TYPE_FLOAT);
+    value  = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *(ast_value*)array->m_next);
     if (!entity || !index || !value) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create locals for array accessor");
         goto cleanup;
     }
-    (void)!ast_value_set_name(value, "value"); /* not important */
-    fval->expression.type_params.push_back(entity);
-    fval->expression.type_params.push_back(index);
-    fval->expression.type_params.push_back(value);
+    value->m_name = "value"; // not important
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(entity);
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(index);
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(value);
 
-    root = array_field_setter_node(parser, array, entity, index, value, 0, array->expression.count);
+    root = array_field_setter_node(parser, array, entity, index, value, 0, array->m_count);
     if (!root) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to build accessor search tree");
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
-    array->setter = fval;
-    return ast_block_add_expr(func->blocks[0], root);
+    array->m_setter = fval;
+    return func->m_blocks[0].get()->addExpr(root);
 cleanup:
-    if (entity) ast_delete(entity);
-    if (index)  ast_delete(index);
-    if (value)  ast_delete(value);
-    if (root)   ast_delete(root);
-    ast_delete(func);
-    ast_delete(fval);
+    if (entity) delete entity;
+    if (index)  delete index;
+    if (value)  delete value;
+    if (root)   delete root;
+    delete func;
+    delete fval;
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -4474,33 +4551,33 @@ static ast_value* parser_create_array_getter_proto(parser_t *parser, ast_value *
     ast_value      *fval;
     ast_function   *func;
 
-    /* NOTE: checking array->expression.next rather than elemtype since
+    /* NOTE: checking array->m_next rather than elemtype since
      * for fields elemtype is a temporary fieldtype.
      */
-    if (!ast_istype(array->expression.next, ast_value)) {
+    if (!ast_istype(array->m_next, ast_value)) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: array accessor needs to build an ast_value with a copy of the element type");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     if (!parser_create_array_accessor(parser, array, funcname, &fval))
         return nullptr;
-    func = fval->constval.vfunc;
-    fval->expression.next = ast_type_copy(ast_ctx(array), elemtype);
+    func = fval->m_constval.vfunc;
+    fval->m_next = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, array->m_context, *elemtype);
 
-    index = ast_value_new(ast_ctx(array), "index", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    index = new ast_value(array->m_context, "index", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
     if (!index) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create locals for array accessor");
         goto cleanup;
     }
-    fval->expression.type_params.push_back(index);
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(index);
 
-    array->getter = fval;
+    array->m_getter = fval;
     return fval;
 cleanup:
-    if (index) ast_delete(index);
-    ast_delete(func);
-    ast_delete(fval);
+    if (index) delete index;
+    delete func;
+    delete fval;
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -4508,13 +4585,13 @@ static bool parser_create_array_getter_impl(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array)
 {
     ast_expression *root = nullptr;
 
-    root = array_getter_node(parser, array, array->getter->expression.type_params[0], 0, array->expression.count);
+    root = array_getter_node(parser, array, array->m_getter->m_type_params[0].get(), 0, array->m_count);
     if (!root) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to build accessor search tree");
         return false;
     }
-    if (!ast_block_add_expr(array->getter->constval.vfunc->blocks[0], root)) {
-        ast_delete(root);
+    if (!array->m_getter->m_constval.vfunc->m_blocks[0].get()->addExpr(root)) {
+        delete root;
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -4530,7 +4607,7 @@ static bool parser_create_array_getter(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, const
 static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 {
     lex_ctx_t ctx = parser_ctx(parser);
-    std::vector<ast_value *> params;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ast_value>> params;
     ast_value *fval;
     bool first = true;
     bool variadic = false;
@@ -4539,7 +4616,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 
     /* for the sake of less code we parse-in in this function */
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "expected parameter list");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -4579,17 +4656,17 @@ static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
                 }
             }
         } else {
-            params.push_back(param);
-            if (param->expression.vtype >= TYPE_VARIANT) {
+            params.emplace_back(param);
+            if (param->m_vtype >= TYPE_VARIANT) {
                 char tname[1024]; /* typename is reserved in C++ */
-                ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)param, tname, sizeof(tname));
+                ast_type_to_string(param, tname, sizeof(tname));
                 parseerror(parser, "type not supported as part of a parameter list: %s", tname);
                 goto on_error;
             }
             /* type-restricted varargs */
             if (parser->tok == TOKEN_DOTS) {
                 variadic = true;
-                varparam = params.back();
+                varparam = params.back().release();
                 params.pop_back();
                 if (!parser_next(parser) || (parser->tok != ')' && parser->tok != TOKEN_IDENT)) {
                     parseerror(parser, "`...` must be the last parameter of a variadic function declaration");
@@ -4597,21 +4674,21 @@ static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
                 }
                 if (parser->tok == TOKEN_IDENT) {
                     argcounter = util_strdup(parser_tokval(parser));
-                    ast_value_set_name(param, argcounter);
+                    param->m_name = argcounter;
                     if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != ')') {
                         parseerror(parser, "`...` must be the last parameter of a variadic function declaration");
                         goto on_error;
                     }
                 }
             }
-            if (OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) == COMPILER_FTEQCC && param->name[0] == '<') {
+            if (OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) == COMPILER_FTEQCC && param->m_name[0] == '<') {
                 parseerror(parser, "parameter name omitted");
                 goto on_error;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    if (params.size() == 1 && params[0]->expression.vtype == TYPE_VOID)
+    if (params.size() == 1 && params[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VOID)
         params.clear();
 
     /* sanity check */
@@ -4625,15 +4702,15 @@ static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
     }
 
     /* now turn 'var' into a function type */
-    fval = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type()>", TYPE_FUNCTION);
-    fval->expression.next = (ast_expression*)var;
+    fval = new ast_value(ctx, "<type()>", TYPE_FUNCTION);
+    fval->m_next = var;
     if (variadic)
-        fval->expression.flags |= AST_FLAG_VARIADIC;
+        fval->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_VARIADIC;
     var = fval;
 
-    var->expression.type_params = params;
-    var->expression.varparam = (ast_expression*)varparam;
-    var->argcounter = argcounter;
+    var->m_type_params = move(params);
+    var->m_varparam = varparam;
+    var->m_argcounter = argcounter;
 
     return var;
 
@@ -4641,10 +4718,8 @@ on_error:
     if (argcounter)
         mem_d(argcounter);
     if (varparam)
-        ast_delete(varparam);
-    ast_delete(var);
-    for (auto &it : params)
-        ast_delete(it);
+        delete varparam;
+    delete var;
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -4657,7 +4732,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_arraysize(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
     ctx = parser_ctx(parser);
 
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "expected array-size");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -4668,7 +4743,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_arraysize(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
         if (!cexp || !ast_istype(cexp, ast_value)) {
             if (cexp)
                 ast_unref(cexp);
-            ast_delete(var);
+            delete var;
             parseerror(parser, "expected array-size as constant positive integer");
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -4679,35 +4754,35 @@ static ast_value *parse_arraysize(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
         cval = nullptr;
     }
 
-    tmp = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type[]>", TYPE_ARRAY);
-    tmp->expression.next = (ast_expression*)var;
+    tmp = new ast_value(ctx, "<type[]>", TYPE_ARRAY);
+    tmp->m_next = var;
     var = tmp;
 
     if (cval) {
-        if (cval->expression.vtype == TYPE_INTEGER)
-            tmp->expression.count = cval->constval.vint;
-        else if (cval->expression.vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
-            tmp->expression.count = cval->constval.vfloat;
+        if (cval->m_vtype == TYPE_INTEGER)
+            tmp->m_count = cval->m_constval.vint;
+        else if (cval->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+            tmp->m_count = cval->m_constval.vfloat;
         else {
             ast_unref(cexp);
-            ast_delete(var);
+            delete var;
             parseerror(parser, "array-size must be a positive integer constant");
             return nullptr;
         }
 
         ast_unref(cexp);
     } else {
-        var->expression.count = -1;
-        var->expression.flags |= AST_FLAG_ARRAY_INIT;
+        var->m_count = -1;
+        var->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_ARRAY_INIT;
     }
 
     if (parser->tok != ']') {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "expected ']' after array-size");
         return nullptr;
     }
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "error after parsing array size");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -4788,14 +4863,14 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
     /* generate the basic type value */
     if (cached_typedef) {
-        var = ast_value_copy(cached_typedef);
-        ast_value_set_name(var, "<type(from_def)>");
+        var = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *cached_typedef);
+        var->m_name = "<type(from_def)>";
     } else
-        var = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type>", parser_token(parser)->constval.t);
+        var = new ast_value(ctx, "<type>", parser_token(parser)->constval.t);
 
     for (; morefields; --morefields) {
-        tmp = ast_value_new(ctx, "<.type>", TYPE_FIELD);
-        tmp->expression.next = (ast_expression*)var;
+        tmp = new ast_value(ctx, "<.type>", TYPE_FIELD);
+        tmp->m_next = var;
         var = tmp;
     }
 
@@ -4806,7 +4881,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
     /* parse on */
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "parse error after typename");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -4824,10 +4899,10 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
     /* store the base if requested */
     if (storebase) {
-        *storebase = ast_value_copy(var);
+        *storebase = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *var);
         if (isfield) {
-            tmp = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type:f>", TYPE_FIELD);
-            tmp->expression.next = (ast_expression*)*storebase;
+            tmp = new ast_value(ctx, "<type:f>", TYPE_FIELD);
+            tmp->m_next = *storebase;
             *storebase = tmp;
         }
     }
@@ -4843,7 +4918,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
         /* parse on */
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-            ast_delete(var);
+            delete var;
             mem_d(name);
             parseerror(parser, "error after variable or field declaration");
             return nullptr;
@@ -4864,8 +4939,8 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
     /* This is the point where we can turn it into a field */
     if (isfield) {
         /* turn it into a field if desired */
-        tmp = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type:f>", TYPE_FIELD);
-        tmp->expression.next = (ast_expression*)var;
+        tmp = new ast_value(ctx, "<type:f>", TYPE_FIELD);
+        tmp->m_next = var;
         var = tmp;
     }
 
@@ -4884,13 +4959,8 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
     /* finally name it */
     if (name) {
-        if (!ast_value_set_name(var, name)) {
-            ast_delete(var);
-            mem_d(name);
-            parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to set name");
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        /* free the name, ast_value_set_name duplicates */
+        var->m_name = name;
+        // free the name, ast_value_set_name duplicates
         mem_d(name);
     }
 
@@ -4907,30 +4977,30 @@ static bool parse_typedef(parser_t *parser)
     if (!typevar)
         return false;
 
-    /* while parsing types, the ast_value's get named '<something>' */
-    if (!typevar->name || typevar->name[0] == '<') {
+    // while parsing types, the ast_value's get named '<something>'
+    if (!typevar->m_name.length() || typevar->m_name[0] == '<') {
         parseerror(parser, "missing name in typedef");
-        ast_delete(typevar);
+        delete typevar;
         return false;
     }
 
-    if ( (old = parser_find_var(parser, typevar->name)) ) {
+    if ( (old = parser_find_var(parser, typevar->m_name)) ) {
         parseerror(parser, "cannot define a type with the same name as a variable: %s\n"
                    " -> `%s` has been declared here: %s:%i",
-                   typevar->name, ast_ctx(old).file, ast_ctx(old).line);
-        ast_delete(typevar);
+                   typevar->m_name, old->m_context.file, old->m_context.line);
+        delete typevar;
         return false;
     }
 
-    if ( (oldtype = parser_find_typedef(parser, typevar->name, vec_last(parser->_blocktypedefs))) ) {
+    if ( (oldtype = parser_find_typedef(parser, typevar->m_name, vec_last(parser->_blocktypedefs))) ) {
         parseerror(parser, "type `%s` has already been declared here: %s:%i",
-                   typevar->name, ast_ctx(oldtype).file, ast_ctx(oldtype).line);
-        ast_delete(typevar);
+                   typevar->m_name, oldtype->m_context.file, oldtype->m_context.line);
+        delete typevar;
         return false;
     }
 
     vec_push(parser->_typedefs, typevar);
-    util_htset(vec_last(parser->typedefs), typevar->name, typevar);
+    util_htset(vec_last(parser->typedefs), typevar->m_name.c_str(), typevar);
 
     if (parser->tok != ';') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected semicolon after typedef");
@@ -4956,27 +5026,27 @@ static const char *cvq_to_str(int cvq) {
 static bool parser_check_qualifiers(parser_t *parser, const ast_value *var, const ast_value *proto)
 {
     bool av, ao;
-    if (proto->cvq != var->cvq) {
-        if (!(proto->cvq == CV_CONST && var->cvq == CV_NONE &&
+    if (proto->m_cvq != var->m_cvq) {
+        if (!(proto->m_cvq == CV_CONST && var->m_cvq == CV_NONE &&
               !OPTS_FLAG(INITIALIZED_NONCONSTANTS) &&
               parser->tok == '='))
         {
             return !parsewarning(parser, WARN_DIFFERENT_QUALIFIERS,
                                  "`%s` declared with different qualifiers: %s\n"
                                  " -> previous declaration here: %s:%i uses %s",
-                                 var->name, cvq_to_str(var->cvq),
-                                 ast_ctx(proto).file, ast_ctx(proto).line,
-                                 cvq_to_str(proto->cvq));
+                                 var->m_name, cvq_to_str(var->m_cvq),
+                                 proto->m_context.file, proto->m_context.line,
+                                 cvq_to_str(proto->m_cvq));
         }
     }
-    av = (var  ->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_NORETURN);
-    ao = (proto->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_NORETURN);
+    av = (var  ->m_flags & AST_FLAG_NORETURN);
+    ao = (proto->m_flags & AST_FLAG_NORETURN);
     if (!av != !ao) {
         return !parsewarning(parser, WARN_DIFFERENT_ATTRIBUTES,
                              "`%s` declared with different attributes%s\n"
                              " -> previous declaration here: %s:%i",
-                             var->name, (av ? ": noreturn" : ""),
-                             ast_ctx(proto).file, ast_ctx(proto).line,
+                             var->m_name, (av ? ": noreturn" : ""),
+                             proto->m_context.file, proto->m_context.line,
                              (ao ? ": noreturn" : ""));
     }
     return true;
@@ -4985,11 +5055,11 @@ static bool parser_check_qualifiers(parser_t *parser, const ast_value *var, cons
 static bool create_array_accessors(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 {
     char name[1024];
-    util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##SET", var->name);
+    util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##SET", var->m_name.c_str());
     if (!parser_create_array_setter(parser, var, name))
         return false;
-    util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##GET", var->name);
-    if (!parser_create_array_getter(parser, var, var->expression.next, name))
+    util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##GET", var->m_name.c_str());
+    if (!parser_create_array_getter(parser, var, var->m_next, name))
         return false;
     return true;
 }
@@ -4997,7 +5067,7 @@ static bool create_array_accessors(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 static bool parse_array(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array)
 {
     size_t i;
-    if (array->initlist.size()) {
+    if (array->m_initlist.size()) {
         parseerror(parser, "array already initialized elsewhere");
         return false;
     }
@@ -5010,14 +5080,14 @@ static bool parse_array(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array)
         ast_value *v = (ast_value*)parse_expression_leave(parser, true, false, false);
         if (!v)
             return false;
-        if (!ast_istype(v, ast_value) || !v->hasvalue || v->cvq != CV_CONST) {
+        if (!ast_istype(v, ast_value) || !v->m_hasvalue || v->m_cvq != CV_CONST) {
             ast_unref(v);
             parseerror(parser, "initializing element must be a compile time constant");
             return false;
         }
-        array->initlist.push_back(v->constval);
-        if (v->expression.vtype == TYPE_STRING) {
-            array->initlist[i].vstring = util_strdupe(array->initlist[i].vstring);
+        array->m_initlist.push_back(v->m_constval);
+        if (v->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING) {
+            array->m_initlist[i].vstring = util_strdupe(array->m_initlist[i].vstring);
             ++i;
         }
         ast_unref(v);
@@ -5039,12 +5109,12 @@ static bool parse_array(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array)
     }
     */
 
-    if (array->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_ARRAY_INIT) {
-        if (array->expression.count != (size_t)-1) {
+    if (array->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ARRAY_INIT) {
+        if (array->m_count != (size_t)-1) {
             parseerror(parser, "array `%s' has already been initialized with %u elements",
-                       array->name, (unsigned)array->expression.count);
+                       array->m_name, (unsigned)array->m_count);
         }
-        array->expression.count = array->initlist.size();
+        array->m_count = array->m_initlist.size();
         if (!create_array_accessors(parser, array))
             return false;
     }
@@ -5076,15 +5146,15 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
     var = parse_typename(parser, &basetype, cached_typedef, nullptr);
     if (!var) {
         if (basetype)
-            ast_delete(basetype);
+            delete basetype;
         return false;
     }
 
     /* while parsing types, the ast_value's get named '<something>' */
-    if (!var->name || var->name[0] == '<') {
+    if (!var->m_name.length() || var->m_name[0] == '<') {
         parseerror(parser, "declaration does not declare anything");
         if (basetype)
-            ast_delete(basetype);
+            delete basetype;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -5126,20 +5196,20 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
             }
         }
 
-        var->cvq = qualifier;
+        var->m_cvq = qualifier;
         if (qflags & AST_FLAG_COVERAGE) /* specified in QC, drop our default */
-            var->expression.flags &= ~(AST_FLAG_COVERAGE_MASK);
-        var->expression.flags |= qflags;
+            var->m_flags &= ~(AST_FLAG_COVERAGE_MASK);
+        var->m_flags |= qflags;
 
         /*
          * store the vstring back to var for alias and
          * deprecation messages.
          */
-        if (var->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_DEPRECATED ||
-            var->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS)
-            var->desc = vstring;
+        if (var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_DEPRECATED ||
+            var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS)
+            var->m_desc = vstring;
 
-        if (parser_find_global(parser, var->name) && var->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS) {
+        if (parser_find_global(parser, var->m_name) && var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS) {
             parseerror(parser, "function aliases cannot be forward declared");
             retval = false;
             goto cleanup;
@@ -5151,7 +5221,7 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
          * Also: if there was a prototype, `var` will be deleted and set to `proto` which
          * is then filled with the previous definition and the parameter-names replaced.
          */
-        if (!strcmp(var->name, "nil")) {
+        if (var->m_name == "nil") {
             if (OPTS_FLAG(UNTYPED_NIL)) {
                 if (!localblock || !OPTS_FLAG(PERMISSIVE))
                     parseerror(parser, "name `nil` not allowed (try -fpermissive)");
@@ -5161,17 +5231,17 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
         if (!localblock) {
             /* Deal with end_sys_ vars */
             was_end = false;
-            if (!strcmp(var->name, "end_sys_globals")) {
-                var->uses++;
+            if (var->m_name == "end_sys_globals") {
+                var->m_uses++;
                 parser->crc_globals = parser->globals.size();
                 was_end = true;
             }
-            else if (!strcmp(var->name, "end_sys_fields")) {
-                var->uses++;
+            else if (var->m_name == "end_sys_fields") {
+                var->m_uses++;
                 parser->crc_fields = parser->fields.size();
                 was_end = true;
             }
-            if (was_end && var->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD) {
+            if (was_end && var->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD) {
                 if (parsewarning(parser, WARN_END_SYS_FIELDS,
                                  "global '%s' hint should not be a field",
                                  parser_tokval(parser)))
@@ -5181,33 +5251,33 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                 }
             }
 
-            if (!nofields && var->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
+            if (!nofields && var->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
             {
                 /* deal with field declarations */
-                old = parser_find_field(parser, var->name);
+                old = parser_find_field(parser, var->m_name);
                 if (old) {
                     if (parsewarning(parser, WARN_FIELD_REDECLARED, "field `%s` already declared here: %s:%i",
-                                     var->name, ast_ctx(old).file, (int)ast_ctx(old).line))
+                                     var->m_name, old->m_context.file, (int)old->m_context.line))
                     {
                         retval = false;
                         goto cleanup;
                     }
-                    ast_delete(var);
+                    delete var;
                     var = nullptr;
                     goto skipvar;
                     /*
                     parseerror(parser, "field `%s` already declared here: %s:%i",
-                               var->name, ast_ctx(old).file, ast_ctx(old).line);
+                               var->m_name, old->m_context.file, old->m_context.line);
                     retval = false;
                     goto cleanup;
                     */
                 }
                 if ((OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) == COMPILER_QCC || OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) == COMPILER_FTEQCC) &&
-                    (old = parser_find_global(parser, var->name)))
+                    (old = parser_find_global(parser, var->m_name)))
                 {
                     parseerror(parser, "cannot declare a field and a global of the same name with -std=qcc");
                     parseerror(parser, "field `%s` already declared here: %s:%i",
-                               var->name, ast_ctx(old).file, ast_ctx(old).line);
+                               var->m_name, old->m_context.file, old->m_context.line);
                     retval = false;
                     goto cleanup;
                 }
@@ -5215,8 +5285,8 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
             else
             {
                 /* deal with other globals */
-                old = parser_find_global(parser, var->name);
-                if (old && var->expression.vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION && old->vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
+                old = parser_find_global(parser, var->m_name);
+                if (old && var->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION && old->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
                 {
                     /* This is a function which had a prototype */
                     if (!ast_istype(old, ast_value)) {
@@ -5225,26 +5295,24 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                         goto cleanup;
                     }
                     proto = (ast_value*)old;
-                    proto->desc = var->desc;
-                    if (!ast_compare_type((ast_expression*)proto, (ast_expression*)var)) {
+                    proto->m_desc = var->m_desc;
+                    if (!proto->compareType(*var)) {
                         parseerror(parser, "conflicting types for `%s`, previous declaration was here: %s:%i",
-                                   proto->name,
-                                   ast_ctx(proto).file, ast_ctx(proto).line);
+                                   proto->m_name,
+                                   proto->m_context.file, proto->m_context.line);
                         retval = false;
                         goto cleanup;
                     }
                     /* we need the new parameter-names */
-                    for (i = 0; i < proto->expression.type_params.size(); ++i)
-                        ast_value_set_name(proto->expression.type_params[i], var->expression.type_params[i]->name);
+                    for (i = 0; i < proto->m_type_params.size(); ++i)
+                        proto->m_type_params[i]->m_name = var->m_type_params[i]->m_name;
                     if (!parser_check_qualifiers(parser, var, proto)) {
                         retval = false;
-                        if (proto->desc)
-                            mem_d(proto->desc);
                         proto = nullptr;
                         goto cleanup;
                     }
-                    proto->expression.flags |= var->expression.flags;
-                    ast_delete(var);
+                    proto->m_flags |= var->m_flags;
+                    delete var;
                     var = proto;
                 }
                 else
@@ -5253,14 +5321,14 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                     if (old) {
                         if (parsewarning(parser, WARN_DOUBLE_DECLARATION,
                                          "global `%s` already declared here: %s:%i",
-                                         var->name, ast_ctx(old).file, ast_ctx(old).line))
+                                         var->m_name, old->m_context.file, old->m_context.line))
                         {
                             retval = false;
                             goto cleanup;
                         }
-                        if (old->flags & AST_FLAG_FINAL_DECL) {
+                        if (old->m_flags & AST_FLAG_FINAL_DECL) {
                             parseerror(parser, "cannot redeclare variable `%s`, declared final here: %s:%i",
-                                       var->name, ast_ctx(old).file, ast_ctx(old).line);
+                                       var->m_name, old->m_context.file, old->m_context.line);
                             retval = false;
                             goto cleanup;
                         }
@@ -5276,21 +5344,21 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                             proto = nullptr;
                             goto cleanup;
                         }
-                        proto->expression.flags |= var->expression.flags;
+                        proto->m_flags |= var->m_flags;
                         /* copy the context for finals,
                          * so the error can show where it was actually made 'final'
                          */
-                        if (proto->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_FINAL_DECL)
-                            ast_ctx(old) = ast_ctx(var);
-                        ast_delete(var);
+                        if (proto->m_flags & AST_FLAG_FINAL_DECL)
+                            old->m_context = var->m_context;
+                        delete var;
                         var = proto;
                     }
                     if (OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) == COMPILER_QCC &&
-                        (old = parser_find_field(parser, var->name)))
+                        (old = parser_find_field(parser, var->m_name)))
                     {
                         parseerror(parser, "cannot declare a field and a global of the same name with -std=qcc");
                         parseerror(parser, "global `%s` already declared here: %s:%i",
-                                   var->name, ast_ctx(old).file, ast_ctx(old).line);
+                                   var->m_name, old->m_context.file, old->m_context.line);
                         retval = false;
                         goto cleanup;
                     }
@@ -5299,26 +5367,26 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
         }
         else /* it's not a global */
         {
-            old = parser_find_local(parser, var->name, vec_size(parser->variables)-1, &isparam);
+            old = parser_find_local(parser, var->m_name, vec_size(parser->variables)-1, &isparam);
             if (old && !isparam) {
                 parseerror(parser, "local `%s` already declared here: %s:%i",
-                           var->name, ast_ctx(old).file, (int)ast_ctx(old).line);
+                           var->m_name, old->m_context.file, (int)old->m_context.line);
                 retval = false;
                 goto cleanup;
             }
             /* doing this here as the above is just for a single scope */
-            old = parser_find_local(parser, var->name, 0, &isparam);
+            old = parser_find_local(parser, var->m_name, 0, &isparam);
             if (old && isparam) {
                 if (parsewarning(parser, WARN_LOCAL_SHADOWS,
-                                 "local `%s` is shadowing a parameter", var->name))
+                                 "local `%s` is shadowing a parameter", var->m_name))
                 {
                     parseerror(parser, "local `%s` already declared here: %s:%i",
-                               var->name, ast_ctx(old).file, (int)ast_ctx(old).line);
+                               var->m_name, old->m_context.file, (int)old->m_context.line);
                     retval = false;
                     goto cleanup;
                 }
                 if (OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) != COMPILER_GMQCC) {
-                    ast_delete(var);
+                    delete var;
                     if (ast_istype(old, ast_value))
                         var = proto = (ast_value*)old;
                     else {
@@ -5331,16 +5399,16 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
 
         /* in a noref section we simply bump the usecount */
         if (noref || parser->noref)
-            var->uses++;
+            var->m_uses++;
 
         /* Part 2:
          * Create the global/local, and deal with vector types.
          */
         if (!proto) {
-            if (var->expression.vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
+            if (var->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
                 isvector = true;
-            else if (var->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
-                     var->expression.next->vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
+            else if (var->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
+                     var->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
                 isvector = true;
 
             if (isvector) {
@@ -5352,59 +5420,59 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
 
             if (!localblock) {
                 /* deal with global variables, fields, functions */
-                if (!nofields && var->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD && parser->tok != '=') {
-                    var->isfield = true;
-                    parser->fields.push_back((ast_expression*)var);
-                    util_htset(parser->htfields, var->name, var);
+                if (!nofields && var->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && parser->tok != '=') {
+                    var->m_isfield = true;
+                    parser->fields.push_back(var);
+                    util_htset(parser->htfields, var->m_name.c_str(), var);
                     if (isvector) {
                         for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                            parser->fields.push_back((ast_expression*)me[i]);
-                            util_htset(parser->htfields, me[i]->name, me[i]);
+                            parser->fields.push_back(me[i]);
+                            util_htset(parser->htfields, me[i]->m_name.c_str(), me[i]);
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 else {
-                    if (!(var->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS)) {
-                        parser_addglobal(parser, var->name, (ast_expression*)var);
+                    if (!(var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS)) {
+                        parser_addglobal(parser, var->m_name, var);
                         if (isvector) {
                             for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                                parser_addglobal(parser, me[i]->name, (ast_expression*)me[i]);
+                                parser_addglobal(parser, me[i]->m_name.c_str(), me[i]);
                             }
                         }
                     } else {
-                        ast_expression *find  = parser_find_global(parser, var->desc);
+                        ast_expression *find  = parser_find_global(parser, var->m_desc);
 
                         if (!find) {
-                            compile_error(parser_ctx(parser), "undeclared variable `%s` for alias `%s`", var->desc, var->name);
+                            compile_error(parser_ctx(parser), "undeclared variable `%s` for alias `%s`", var->m_desc, var->m_name);
                             return false;
                         }
 
-                        if (!ast_compare_type((ast_expression*)var, find)) {
+                        if (!var->compareType(*find)) {
                             char ty1[1024];
                             char ty2[1024];
 
-                            ast_type_to_string(find,                  ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-                            ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)var,  ty2, sizeof(ty2));
+                            ast_type_to_string(find, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
+                            ast_type_to_string(var,  ty2, sizeof(ty2));
 
                             compile_error(parser_ctx(parser), "incompatible types `%s` and `%s` for alias `%s`",
-                                ty1, ty2, var->name
+                                ty1, ty2, var->m_name
                             );
                             return false;
                         }
 
-                        util_htset(parser->aliases, var->name, find);
+                        util_htset(parser->aliases, var->m_name.c_str(), find);
 
                         /* generate aliases for vector components */
                         if (isvector) {
                             char *buffer[3];
 
-                            util_asprintf(&buffer[0], "%s_x", var->desc);
-                            util_asprintf(&buffer[1], "%s_y", var->desc);
-                            util_asprintf(&buffer[2], "%s_z", var->desc);
+                            util_asprintf(&buffer[0], "%s_x", var->m_desc.c_str());
+                            util_asprintf(&buffer[1], "%s_y", var->m_desc.c_str());
+                            util_asprintf(&buffer[2], "%s_z", var->m_desc.c_str());
 
-                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[0]->name, parser_find_global(parser, buffer[0]));
-                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[1]->name, parser_find_global(parser, buffer[1]));
-                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[2]->name, parser_find_global(parser, buffer[2]));
+                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[0]->m_name.c_str(), parser_find_global(parser, buffer[0]));
+                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[1]->m_name.c_str(), parser_find_global(parser, buffer[1]));
+                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[2]->m_name.c_str(), parser_find_global(parser, buffer[2]));
 
                             mem_d(buffer[0]);
                             mem_d(buffer[1]);
@@ -5414,70 +5482,61 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                 }
             } else {
                 if (is_static) {
-                    /* a static adds itself to be generated like any other global
-                     * but is added to the local namespace instead
-                     */
-                    char   *defname = nullptr;
-                    size_t  prefix_len, ln;
+                    // a static adds itself to be generated like any other global
+                    // but is added to the local namespace instead
+                    std::string defname;
+                    size_t  prefix_len;
                     size_t  sn, sn_size;
 
-                    ln = strlen(parser->function->name);
-                    vec_append(defname, ln, parser->function->name);
+                    defname = parser->function->m_name;
+                    defname.append(2, ':');
 
-                    vec_append(defname, 2, "::");
-                    /* remember the length up to here */
-                    prefix_len = vec_size(defname);
+                    // remember the length up to here
+                    prefix_len = defname.length();
 
-                    /* Add it to the local scope */
-                    util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), var->name, (void*)var);
+                    // Add it to the local scope
+                    util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), var->m_name.c_str(), (void*)var);
 
-                    /* now rename the global */
-                    ln = strlen(var->name);
-                    vec_append(defname, ln, var->name);
-                    /* if a variable of that name already existed, add the
-                     * counter value.
-                     * The counter is incremented either way.
-                     */
-                    sn_size = parser->function->static_names.size();
+                    // now rename the global
+                    defname.append(var->m_name);
+                    // if a variable of that name already existed, add the
+                    // counter value.
+                    // The counter is incremented either way.
+                    sn_size = parser->function->m_static_names.size();
                     for (sn = 0; sn != sn_size; ++sn) {
-                        if (strcmp(parser->function->static_names[sn], var->name) == 0)
+                        if (parser->function->m_static_names[sn] == var->m_name.c_str())
                             break;
                     }
                     if (sn != sn_size) {
                         char *num = nullptr;
-                        int   len = util_asprintf(&num, "#%u", parser->function->static_count);
-                        vec_append(defname, len, num);
+                        int   len = util_asprintf(&num, "#%u", parser->function->m_static_count);
+                        defname.append(num, 0, len);
                         mem_d(num);
                     }
                     else
-                        parser->function->static_names.push_back(util_strdup(var->name));
-                    parser->function->static_count++;
-                    ast_value_set_name(var, defname);
+                        parser->function->m_static_names.emplace_back(var->m_name);
+                    parser->function->m_static_count++;
+                    var->m_name = defname;
 
-                    /* push it to the to-be-generated globals */
-                    parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)var);
+                    // push it to the to-be-generated globals
+                    parser->globals.push_back(var);
 
-                    /* same game for the vector members */
+                    // same game for the vector members
                     if (isvector) {
+                        defname.erase(prefix_len);
                         for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                            util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), me[i]->name, (void*)(me[i]));
-
-                            vec_shrinkto(defname, prefix_len);
-                            ln = strlen(me[i]->name);
-                            vec_append(defname, ln, me[i]->name);
-                            ast_member_set_name(me[i], defname);
-
-                            parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)me[i]);
+                            util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), me[i]->m_name.c_str(), (void*)(me[i]));
+                            me[i]->m_name = move(defname + me[i]->m_name);
+                            parser->globals.push_back(me[i]);
                         }
                     }
-                    vec_free(defname);
                 } else {
-                    localblock->locals.push_back(var);
-                    parser_addlocal(parser, var->name, (ast_expression*)var);
+                    localblock->m_locals.push_back(var);
+                    parser_addlocal(parser, var->m_name, var);
                     if (isvector) {
                         for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                            parser_addlocal(parser, me[i]->name, (ast_expression*)me[i]);
-                            ast_block_collect(localblock, (ast_expression*)me[i]);
+                            parser_addlocal(parser, me[i]->m_name, me[i]);
+                            localblock->collect(me[i]);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -5489,44 +5548,44 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
         /* Part 2.2
          * deal with arrays
          */
-        if (var->expression.vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
-            if (var->expression.count != (size_t)-1) {
+        if (var->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
+            if (var->m_count != (size_t)-1) {
                 if (!create_array_accessors(parser, var))
                     goto cleanup;
             }
         }
         else if (!localblock && !nofields &&
-                 var->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
-                 var->expression.next->vtype == TYPE_ARRAY)
+                 var->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD &&
+                 var->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY)
         {
             char name[1024];
             ast_expression *telem;
             ast_value      *tfield;
-            ast_value      *array = (ast_value*)var->expression.next;
+            ast_value      *array = (ast_value*)var->m_next;
 
-            if (!ast_istype(var->expression.next, ast_value)) {
+            if (!ast_istype(var->m_next, ast_value)) {
                 parseerror(parser, "internal error: field element type must be an ast_value");
                 goto cleanup;
             }
 
-            util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##SETF", var->name);
+            util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##SETF", var->m_name.c_str());
             if (!parser_create_array_field_setter(parser, array, name))
                 goto cleanup;
 
-            telem = ast_type_copy(ast_ctx(var), array->expression.next);
-            tfield = ast_value_new(ast_ctx(var), "<.type>", TYPE_FIELD);
-            tfield->expression.next = telem;
-            util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##GETFP", var->name);
-            if (!parser_create_array_getter(parser, array, (ast_expression*)tfield, name)) {
-                ast_delete(tfield);
+            telem = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, var->m_context, *array->m_next);
+            tfield = new ast_value(var->m_context, "<.type>", TYPE_FIELD);
+            tfield->m_next = telem;
+            util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##GETFP", var->m_name.c_str());
+            if (!parser_create_array_getter(parser, array, tfield, name)) {
+                delete tfield;
                 goto cleanup;
             }
-            ast_delete(tfield);
+            delete tfield;
         }
 
 skipvar:
         if (parser->tok == ';') {
-            ast_delete(basetype);
+            delete basetype;
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
                 parseerror(parser, "error after variable declaration");
                 return false;
@@ -5538,7 +5597,7 @@ skipvar:
             goto another;
 
         /*
-        if (!var || (!localblock && !nofields && basetype->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD)) {
+        if (!var || (!localblock && !nofields && basetype->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD)) {
         */
         if (!var) {
             parseerror(parser, "missing comma or semicolon while parsing variables");
@@ -5548,13 +5607,13 @@ skipvar:
         if (localblock && OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) == COMPILER_QCC) {
             if (parsewarning(parser, WARN_LOCAL_CONSTANTS,
                              "initializing expression turns variable `%s` into a constant in this standard",
-                             var->name) )
+                             var->m_name) )
             {
                 break;
             }
         }
 
-        if (parser->tok != '{' || var->expression.vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
+        if (parser->tok != '{' || var->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
             if (parser->tok != '=') {
                 parseerror(parser, "missing semicolon or initializer, got: `%s`", parser_tokval(parser));
                 break;
@@ -5580,8 +5639,8 @@ skipvar:
                 parseerror(parser, "cannot declare builtins within functions");
                 break;
             }
-            if (var->expression.vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
-                parseerror(parser, "unexpected builtin number, '%s' is not a function", var->name);
+            if (var->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
+                parseerror(parser, "unexpected builtin number, '%s' is not a function", var->m_name);
                 break;
             }
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
@@ -5595,16 +5654,16 @@ skipvar:
                     parseerror(parser, "builtin number expected");
                     break;
                 }
-                if (!ast_istype(number, ast_value) || !number->hasvalue || number->cvq != CV_CONST)
+                if (!ast_istype(number, ast_value) || !number->m_hasvalue || number->m_cvq != CV_CONST)
                 {
                     ast_unref(number);
                     parseerror(parser, "builtin number must be a compile time constant");
                     break;
                 }
-                if (number->expression.vtype == TYPE_INTEGER)
-                    builtin_num = number->constval.vint;
-                else if (number->expression.vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
-                    builtin_num = number->constval.vfloat;
+                if (number->m_vtype == TYPE_INTEGER)
+                    builtin_num = number->m_constval.vint;
+                else if (number->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
+                    builtin_num = number->m_constval.vfloat;
                 else {
                     ast_unref(number);
                     parseerror(parser, "builtin number must be an integer constant");
@@ -5627,22 +5686,22 @@ skipvar:
                 break;
             }
 
-            if (var->hasvalue) {
+            if (var->m_hasvalue) {
                 (void)!parsewarning(parser, WARN_DOUBLE_DECLARATION,
                                     "builtin `%s` has already been defined\n"
                                     " -> previous declaration here: %s:%i",
-                                    var->name, ast_ctx(var).file, (int)ast_ctx(var).line);
+                                    var->m_name, var->m_context.file, (int)var->m_context.line);
             }
             else
             {
-                func = ast_function_new(ast_ctx(var), var->name, var);
+                func = ast_function::make(var->m_context, var->m_name, var);
                 if (!func) {
-                    parseerror(parser, "failed to allocate function for `%s`", var->name);
+                    parseerror(parser, "failed to allocate function for `%s`", var->m_name);
                     break;
                 }
                 parser->functions.push_back(func);
 
-                func->builtin = -builtin_num-1;
+                func->m_builtin = -builtin_num-1;
             }
 
             if (OPTS_FLAG(EXPRESSIONS_FOR_BUILTINS)
@@ -5650,13 +5709,12 @@ skipvar:
                     : (!parser_next(parser)))
             {
                 parseerror(parser, "expected comma or semicolon");
-                if (func)
-                    ast_function_delete(func);
-                var->constval.vfunc = nullptr;
+                delete func;
+                var->m_constval.vfunc = nullptr;
                 break;
             }
         }
-        else if (var->expression.vtype == TYPE_ARRAY && parser->tok == '{')
+        else if (var->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY && parser->tok == '{')
         {
             if (localblock) {
                 /* Note that fteqcc and most others don't even *have*
@@ -5666,11 +5724,11 @@ skipvar:
                 break;
             }
 
-            var->hasvalue = true;
+            var->m_hasvalue = true;
             if (!parse_array(parser, var))
                 break;
         }
-        else if (var->expression.vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION && (parser->tok == '{' || parser->tok == '['))
+        else if (var->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION && (parser->tok == '{' || parser->tok == '['))
         {
             if (localblock) {
                 parseerror(parser, "cannot declare functions within functions");
@@ -5678,13 +5736,15 @@ skipvar:
             }
 
             if (proto)
-                ast_ctx(proto) = parser_ctx(parser);
+                proto->m_context = parser_ctx(parser);
 
             if (!parse_function_body(parser, var))
                 break;
-            ast_delete(basetype);
+            delete basetype;
             for (auto &it : parser->gotos)
-                parseerror(parser, "undefined label: `%s`", it->name);
+                parseerror(parser, "undefined label: `%s`", it->m_name);
+            parser->gotos.clear();
+            parser->labels.clear();
             return true;
         } else {
             ast_expression *cexp;
@@ -5698,35 +5758,35 @@ skipvar:
 
             /* deal with foldable constants: */
             if (localblock &&
-                var->cvq == CV_CONST && cval && cval->hasvalue && cval->cvq == CV_CONST && !cval->isfield)
+                var->m_cvq == CV_CONST && cval && cval->m_hasvalue && cval->m_cvq == CV_CONST && !cval->m_isfield)
             {
                 /* remove it from the current locals */
                 if (isvector) {
                     for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
                         vec_pop(parser->_locals);
-                        localblock->collect.pop_back();
+                        localblock->m_collect.pop_back();
                     }
                 }
                 /* do sanity checking, this function really needs refactoring */
-                if (vec_last(parser->_locals) != (ast_expression*)var)
+                if (vec_last(parser->_locals) != var)
                     parseerror(parser, "internal error: unexpected change in local variable handling");
                 else
                     vec_pop(parser->_locals);
-                if (localblock->locals.back() != var)
+                if (localblock->m_locals.back() != var)
                     parseerror(parser, "internal error: unexpected change in local variable handling (2)");
                 else
-                    localblock->locals.pop_back();
+                    localblock->m_locals.pop_back();
                 /* push it to the to-be-generated globals */
-                parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)var);
+                parser->globals.push_back(var);
                 if (isvector)
                     for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
-                        parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)last_me[i]);
+                        parser->globals.push_back(last_me[i]);
                 folded_const = true;
             }
 
             if (folded_const || !localblock || is_static) {
                 if (cval != parser->nil &&
-                    (!cval || ((!cval->hasvalue || cval->cvq != CV_CONST) && !cval->isfield))
+                    (!cval || ((!cval->m_hasvalue || cval->m_cvq != CV_CONST) && !cval->m_isfield))
                    )
                 {
                     parseerror(parser, "initializer is non constant");
@@ -5737,46 +5797,46 @@ skipvar:
                         !OPTS_FLAG(INITIALIZED_NONCONSTANTS) &&
                         qualifier != CV_VAR)
                     {
-                        var->cvq = CV_CONST;
+                        var->m_cvq = CV_CONST;
                     }
                     if (cval == parser->nil)
-                        var->expression.flags |= AST_FLAG_INITIALIZED;
+                        var->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_INITIALIZED;
                     else
                     {
-                        var->hasvalue = true;
-                        if (cval->expression.vtype == TYPE_STRING)
-                            var->constval.vstring = parser_strdup(cval->constval.vstring);
-                        else if (cval->expression.vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
-                            var->constval.vfield = cval;
+                        var->m_hasvalue = true;
+                        if (cval->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING)
+                            var->m_constval.vstring = parser_strdup(cval->m_constval.vstring);
+                        else if (cval->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
+                            var->m_constval.vfield = cval;
                         else
-                            memcpy(&var->constval, &cval->constval, sizeof(var->constval));
+                            memcpy(&var->m_constval, &cval->m_constval, sizeof(var->m_constval));
                         ast_unref(cval);
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 int cvq;
                 shunt sy;
-                cvq = var->cvq;
-                var->cvq = CV_NONE;
-                sy.out.push_back(syexp(ast_ctx(var), (ast_expression*)var));
-                sy.out.push_back(syexp(ast_ctx(cexp), (ast_expression*)cexp));
-                sy.ops.push_back(syop(ast_ctx(var), parser->assign_op));
+                cvq = var->m_cvq;
+                var->m_cvq = CV_NONE;
+                sy.out.push_back(syexp(var->m_context, var));
+                sy.out.push_back(syexp(cexp->m_context, cexp));
+                sy.ops.push_back(syop(var->m_context, parser->assign_op));
                 if (!parser_sy_apply_operator(parser, &sy))
                     ast_unref(cexp);
                 else {
                     if (sy.out.size() != 1 && sy.ops.size() != 0)
                         parseerror(parser, "internal error: leaked operands");
-                    if (!ast_block_add_expr(localblock, (ast_expression*)sy.out[0].out))
+                    if (!localblock->addExpr(sy.out[0].out))
                         break;
                 }
-                var->cvq = cvq;
+                var->m_cvq = cvq;
             }
             /* a constant initialized to an inexact value should be marked inexact:
              * const float x = <inexact>; should propagate the inexact flag
              */
-            if (var->cvq == CV_CONST && var->expression.vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) {
-                if (cval && cval->hasvalue && cval->cvq == CV_CONST)
-                    var->inexact = cval->inexact;
+            if (var->m_cvq == CV_CONST && var->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) {
+                if (cval && cval->m_hasvalue && cval->m_cvq == CV_CONST)
+                    var->m_inexact = cval->m_inexact;
             }
         }
 
@@ -5791,9 +5851,9 @@ another:
                 parseerror(parser, "expected another variable");
                 break;
             }
-            var = ast_value_copy(basetype);
+            var = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *basetype);
             cleanvar = true;
-            ast_value_set_name(var, parser_tokval(parser));
+            var->m_name = parser_tokval(parser);
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
                 parseerror(parser, "error parsing variable declaration");
                 break;
@@ -5811,22 +5871,22 @@ another:
             break;
         }
 
-        ast_delete(basetype);
+        delete basetype;
         return true;
     }
 
     if (cleanvar && var)
-        ast_delete(var);
-    ast_delete(basetype);
+        delete var;
+    delete basetype;
     return false;
 
 cleanup:
-    ast_delete(basetype);
+    delete basetype;
     if (cleanvar && var)
-        ast_delete(var);
-    if (me[0]) ast_member_delete(me[0]);
-    if (me[1]) ast_member_delete(me[1]);
-    if (me[2]) ast_member_delete(me[2]);
+        delete var;
+    delete me[0];
+    delete me[1];
+    delete me[2];
     return retval;
 }
 
@@ -5929,7 +5989,7 @@ static void generate_checksum(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir)
         if (!ast_istype(parser->globals[i], ast_value))
             continue;
         value = (ast_value*)(parser->globals[i]);
-        switch (value->expression.vtype) {
+        switch (value->m_vtype) {
             case TYPE_FLOAT:    crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tfloat\t"); break;
             case TYPE_VECTOR:   crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tvec3_t\t"); break;
             case TYPE_STRING:   crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tstring_t\t"); break;
@@ -5938,7 +5998,7 @@ static void generate_checksum(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir)
                 crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tint\t");
                 break;
         }
-        crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, value->name);
+        crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, value->m_name.c_str());
         crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, ";\n");
     }
     crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "} globalvars_t;\n\ntypedef struct\n{\n");
@@ -5946,7 +6006,7 @@ static void generate_checksum(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir)
         if (!ast_istype(parser->fields[i], ast_value))
             continue;
         value = (ast_value*)(parser->fields[i]);
-        switch (value->expression.next->vtype) {
+        switch (value->m_next->m_vtype) {
             case TYPE_FLOAT:    crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tfloat\t"); break;
             case TYPE_VECTOR:   crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tvec3_t\t"); break;
             case TYPE_STRING:   crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tstring_t\t"); break;
@@ -5955,11 +6015,11 @@ static void generate_checksum(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir)
                 crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tint\t");
                 break;
         }
-        crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, value->name);
+        crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, value->m_name.c_str());
         crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, ";\n");
     }
     crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "} entvars_t;\n\n");
-    ir->code->crc = crc;
+    ir->m_code->crc = crc;
 }
 
 parser_t *parser_create()
@@ -5999,23 +6059,23 @@ parser_t *parser_create()
     empty_ctx.file   = "<internal>";
     empty_ctx.line   = 0;
     empty_ctx.column = 0;
-    parser->nil = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "nil", TYPE_NIL);
-    parser->nil->cvq = CV_CONST;
+    parser->nil = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "nil", TYPE_NIL);
+    parser->nil->m_cvq = CV_CONST;
     if (OPTS_FLAG(UNTYPED_NIL))
         util_htset(parser->htglobals, "nil", (void*)parser->nil);
 
     parser->max_param_count = 1;
 
-    parser->const_vec[0] = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "<vector.x>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
-    parser->const_vec[1] = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "<vector.y>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
-    parser->const_vec[2] = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "<vector.z>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
+    parser->const_vec[0] = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "<vector.x>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
+    parser->const_vec[1] = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "<vector.y>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
+    parser->const_vec[2] = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "<vector.z>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
 
     if (OPTS_OPTION_BOOL(OPTION_ADD_INFO)) {
-        parser->reserved_version = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "reserved:version", TYPE_STRING);
-        parser->reserved_version->cvq = CV_CONST;
-        parser->reserved_version->hasvalue = true;
-        parser->reserved_version->expression.flags |= AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
-        parser->reserved_version->constval.vstring = util_strdup(GMQCC_FULL_VERSION_STRING);
+        parser->reserved_version = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "reserved:version", TYPE_STRING);
+        parser->reserved_version->m_cvq = CV_CONST;
+        parser->reserved_version->m_hasvalue = true;
+        parser->reserved_version->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
+        parser->reserved_version->m_constval.vstring = util_strdup(GMQCC_FULL_VERSION_STRING);
     } else {
         parser->reserved_version = nullptr;
     }
@@ -6084,13 +6144,13 @@ static void parser_remove_ast(parser_t *parser)
         return;
     parser->ast_cleaned = true;
     for (auto &it : parser->accessors) {
-        ast_delete(it->constval.vfunc);
-        it->constval.vfunc = nullptr;
-        ast_delete(it);
+        delete it->m_constval.vfunc;
+        it->m_constval.vfunc = nullptr;
+        delete it;
     }
-    for (auto &it : parser->functions) ast_delete(it);
-    for (auto &it : parser->globals) ast_delete(it);
-    for (auto &it : parser->fields) ast_delete(it);
+    for (auto &it : parser->functions) delete it;
+    for (auto &it : parser->globals) delete it;
+    for (auto &it : parser->fields) delete it;
 
     for (i = 0; i < vec_size(parser->variables); ++i)
         util_htdel(parser->variables[i]);
@@ -6099,7 +6159,7 @@ static void parser_remove_ast(parser_t *parser)
     vec_free(parser->_locals);
 
     for (i = 0; i < vec_size(parser->_typedefs); ++i)
-        ast_delete(parser->_typedefs[i]);
+        delete parser->_typedefs[i];
     vec_free(parser->_typedefs);
     for (i = 0; i < vec_size(parser->typedefs); ++i)
         util_htdel(parser->typedefs[i]);
@@ -6108,14 +6168,14 @@ static void parser_remove_ast(parser_t *parser)
 
     vec_free(parser->_block_ctx);
 
-    ast_value_delete(parser->nil);
+    delete parser->nil;
 
-    ast_value_delete(parser->const_vec[0]);
-    ast_value_delete(parser->const_vec[1]);
-    ast_value_delete(parser->const_vec[2]);
+    delete parser->const_vec[0];
+    delete parser->const_vec[1];
+    delete parser->const_vec[2];
 
     if (parser->reserved_version)
-        ast_value_delete(parser->reserved_version);
+        delete parser->reserved_version;
 
     util_htdel(parser->aliases);
 }
@@ -6123,6 +6183,7 @@ static void parser_remove_ast(parser_t *parser)
 void parser_cleanup(parser_t *parser)
 {
     parser_remove_ast(parser);
+    parser->~parser_t();
     mem_d(parser);
 }
 
@@ -6136,7 +6197,7 @@ static bool parser_set_coverage_func(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir) {
 
     func = nullptr;
     for (auto &it : parser->functions) {
-        if (!strcmp(it->name, "coverage")) {
+        if (it->m_name == "coverage") {
             func = it;
             break;
         }
@@ -6144,24 +6205,24 @@ static bool parser_set_coverage_func(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir) {
     if (!func) {
         if (OPTS_OPTION_BOOL(OPTION_COVERAGE)) {
             con_out("coverage support requested but no coverage() builtin declared\n");
-            ir_builder_delete(ir);
+            delete ir;
             return false;
         }
         return true;
     }
 
-    cov  = func->function_type;
-    expr = (ast_expression*)cov;
+    cov  = func->m_function_type;
+    expr = cov;
 
-    if (expr->vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION || expr->type_params.size()) {
+    if (expr->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION || expr->m_type_params.size()) {
         char ty[1024];
         ast_type_to_string(expr, ty, sizeof(ty));
         con_out("invalid type for coverage(): %s\n", ty);
-        ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        delete ir;
         return false;
     }
 
-    ir->coverage_func = func->ir_func->value;
+    ir->m_coverage_func = func->m_ir_func->m_value;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -6175,7 +6236,7 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
         return false;
     }
 
-    ir = ir_builder_new("gmqcc_out");
+    ir = new ir_builder("gmqcc_out");
     if (!ir) {
         con_out("failed to allocate builder\n");
         return false;
@@ -6186,24 +6247,24 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
         if (!ast_istype(it, ast_value))
             continue;
         ast_value *field = (ast_value*)it;
-        hasvalue = field->hasvalue;
-        field->hasvalue = false;
-        if (!ast_global_codegen((ast_value*)field, ir, true)) {
-            con_out("failed to generate field %s\n", field->name);
-            ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        hasvalue = field->m_hasvalue;
+        field->m_hasvalue = false;
+        if (!reinterpret_cast<ast_value*>(field)->generateGlobal(ir, true)) {
+            con_out("failed to generate field %s\n", field->m_name.c_str());
+            delete ir;
             return false;
         }
         if (hasvalue) {
             ir_value *ifld;
             ast_expression *subtype;
-            field->hasvalue = true;
-            subtype = field->expression.next;
-            ifld = ir_builder_create_field(ir, field->name, subtype->vtype);
-            if (subtype->vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
-                ifld->fieldtype = subtype->next->vtype;
-            else if (subtype->vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
-                ifld->outtype = subtype->next->vtype;
-            (void)!ir_value_set_field(field->ir_v, ifld);
+            field->m_hasvalue = true;
+            subtype = field->m_next;
+            ifld = ir->createField(field->m_name, subtype->m_vtype);
+            if (subtype->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
+                ifld->m_fieldtype = subtype->m_next->m_vtype;
+            else if (subtype->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
+                ifld->m_outtype = subtype->m_next->m_vtype;
+            (void)!field->m_ir_v->setField(ifld);
         }
     }
     for (auto &it : parser->globals) {
@@ -6211,13 +6272,13 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
         if (!ast_istype(it, ast_value))
             continue;
         asvalue = (ast_value*)it;
-        if (!asvalue->uses && !asvalue->hasvalue && asvalue->expression.vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
-            retval = retval && !compile_warning(ast_ctx(asvalue), WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE,
-                                                "unused global: `%s`", asvalue->name);
+        if (!asvalue->m_uses && asvalue->m_cvq != CV_CONST && asvalue->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
+            retval = retval && !compile_warning(asvalue->m_context, WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE,
+                                                "unused global: `%s`", asvalue->m_name);
         }
-        if (!ast_global_codegen(asvalue, ir, false)) {
-            con_out("failed to generate global %s\n", asvalue->name);
-            ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        if (!asvalue->generateGlobal(ir, false)) {
+            con_out("failed to generate global %s\n", asvalue->m_name.c_str());
+            delete ir;
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -6225,22 +6286,21 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
      * immediates, because the accessors may add new immediates
      */
     for (auto &f : parser->functions) {
-        if (f->varargs) {
-            if (parser->max_param_count > f->function_type->expression.type_params.size()) {
-                f->varargs->expression.count = parser->max_param_count - f->function_type->expression.type_params.size();
-                if (!parser_create_array_setter_impl(parser, f->varargs)) {
-                    con_out("failed to generate vararg setter for %s\n", f->name);
-                    ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        if (f->m_varargs) {
+            if (parser->max_param_count > f->m_function_type->m_type_params.size()) {
+                f->m_varargs->m_count = parser->max_param_count - f->m_function_type->m_type_params.size();
+                if (!parser_create_array_setter_impl(parser, f->m_varargs.get())) {
+                    con_out("failed to generate vararg setter for %s\n", f->m_name.c_str());
+                    delete ir;
                     return false;
                 }
-                if (!parser_create_array_getter_impl(parser, f->varargs)) {
-                    con_out("failed to generate vararg getter for %s\n", f->name);
-                    ir_builder_delete(ir);
+                if (!parser_create_array_getter_impl(parser, f->m_varargs.get())) {
+                    con_out("failed to generate vararg getter for %s\n", f->m_name.c_str());
+                    delete ir;
                     return false;
                 }
             } else {
-                ast_delete(f->varargs);
-                f->varargs = nullptr;
+                f->m_varargs = nullptr;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -6255,44 +6315,44 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
         if (!ast_istype(it, ast_value))
             continue;
         ast_value *asvalue = (ast_value*)it;
-        if (!(asvalue->expression.flags & AST_FLAG_INITIALIZED))
+        if (!(asvalue->m_flags & AST_FLAG_INITIALIZED))
         {
-            if (asvalue->cvq == CV_CONST && !asvalue->hasvalue)
-                (void)!compile_warning(ast_ctx(asvalue), WARN_UNINITIALIZED_CONSTANT,
+            if (asvalue->m_cvq == CV_CONST && !asvalue->m_hasvalue)
+                (void)!compile_warning(asvalue->m_context, WARN_UNINITIALIZED_CONSTANT,
                                        "uninitialized constant: `%s`",
-                                       asvalue->name);
-            else if ((asvalue->cvq == CV_NONE || asvalue->cvq == CV_CONST) && !asvalue->hasvalue)
-                (void)!compile_warning(ast_ctx(asvalue), WARN_UNINITIALIZED_GLOBAL,
+                                       asvalue->m_name);
+            else if ((asvalue->m_cvq == CV_NONE || asvalue->m_cvq == CV_CONST) && !asvalue->m_hasvalue)
+                (void)!compile_warning(asvalue->m_context, WARN_UNINITIALIZED_GLOBAL,
                                        "uninitialized global: `%s`",
-                                       asvalue->name);
+                                       asvalue->m_name);
         }
-        if (!ast_generate_accessors(asvalue, ir)) {
-            ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        if (!asvalue->generateAccessors(ir)) {
+            delete ir;
             return false;
         }
     }
     for (auto &it : parser->fields) {
-        ast_value *asvalue = (ast_value*)it->next;
-        if (!ast_istype((ast_expression*)asvalue, ast_value))
+        ast_value *asvalue = (ast_value*)it->m_next;
+        if (!ast_istype(asvalue, ast_value))
             continue;
-        if (asvalue->expression.vtype != TYPE_ARRAY)
+        if (asvalue->m_vtype != TYPE_ARRAY)
             continue;
-        if (!ast_generate_accessors(asvalue, ir)) {
-            ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        if (!asvalue->generateAccessors(ir)) {
+            delete ir;
             return false;
         }
     }
     if (parser->reserved_version &&
-        !ast_global_codegen(parser->reserved_version, ir, false))
+        !parser->reserved_version->generateGlobal(ir, false))
     {
         con_out("failed to generate reserved::version");
-        ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        delete ir;
         return false;
     }
     for (auto &f : parser->functions) {
-        if (!ast_function_codegen(f, ir)) {
-            con_out("failed to generate function %s\n", f->name);
-            ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        if (!f->generateFunction(ir)) {
+            con_out("failed to generate function %s\n", f->m_name.c_str());
+            delete ir;
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -6300,32 +6360,39 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
     generate_checksum(parser, ir);
 
     if (OPTS_OPTION_BOOL(OPTION_DUMP))
-        ir_builder_dump(ir, con_out);
+        ir->dump(con_out);
     for (auto &it : parser->functions) {
-        if (!ir_function_finalize(it->ir_func)) {
-            con_out("failed to finalize function %s\n", it->name);
-            ir_builder_delete(ir);
+        if (!ir_function_finalize(it->m_ir_func)) {
+            con_out("failed to finalize function %s\n", it->m_name.c_str());
+            delete ir;
             return false;
         }
     }
     parser_remove_ast(parser);
 
-    if (compile_Werrors) {
-        con_out("*** there were warnings treated as errors\n");
-        compile_show_werrors();
-        retval = false;
-    }
+    auto fnCheckWErrors = [&retval]() {
+        if (compile_Werrors) {
+            con_out("*** there were warnings treated as errors\n");
+            compile_show_werrors();
+            retval = false;
+        }
+    };
+
+    fnCheckWErrors();
 
     if (retval) {
         if (OPTS_OPTION_BOOL(OPTION_DUMPFIN))
-            ir_builder_dump(ir, con_out);
+            ir->dump(con_out);
 
-        if (!ir_builder_generate(ir, output)) {
+        if (!ir->generate(output)) {
             con_out("*** failed to generate output file\n");
-            ir_builder_delete(ir);
+            delete ir;
             return false;
         }
+
+        // ir->generate can generate compiler warnings
+        fnCheckWErrors();
     }
-    ir_builder_delete(ir);
+    delete ir;
     return retval;
 }