]> git.xonotic.org Git - xonotic/gmqcc.git/commitdiff
ast conversion mostly finished
authorWolfgang Bumiller <wry.git@bumiller.com>
Fri, 30 Jan 2015 17:59:48 +0000 (18:59 +0100)
committerWolfgang Bumiller <wry.git@bumiller.com>
Sun, 1 Feb 2015 10:44:00 +0000 (11:44 +0100)
ast.cpp
ast.h
conout.cpp
fold.cpp
fold.h
gmqcc.h
intrin.cpp
parser.cpp

diff --git a/ast.cpp b/ast.cpp
index df2d6769ccafbfb75c3e568400a9c5f73bf355f5..acf4928e6beb25442230a0f811b68e0dfca0f378 100644 (file)
--- a/ast.cpp
+++ b/ast.cpp
 
 #include "algo.h"
 
-#define ast_instantiate(T, ctx, destroyfn) \
-    T* self = new T;                       \
-    if (!self) return nullptr;             \
-    ast_node_init(self, ctx, TYPE_##T);    \
-    self->m_destroy = (ast_node_delete*)destroyfn
-
-/*
- * forward declarations, these need not be in ast.h for obvious
- * static reasons.
- */
-static bool ast_member_codegen(ast_member*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_array_index_delete(ast_array_index*);
-static bool ast_array_index_codegen(ast_array_index*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_argpipe_delete(ast_argpipe*);
-static bool ast_argpipe_codegen(ast_argpipe*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_store_delete(ast_store*);
-static bool ast_store_codegen(ast_store*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_ifthen_delete(ast_ifthen*);
-static bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_ternary_delete(ast_ternary*);
-static bool ast_ternary_codegen(ast_ternary*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_loop_delete(ast_loop*);
-static bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_breakcont_delete(ast_breakcont*);
-static bool ast_breakcont_codegen(ast_breakcont*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_switch_delete(ast_switch*);
-static bool ast_switch_codegen(ast_switch*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_label_delete(ast_label*);
-static void ast_label_register_goto(ast_label*, ast_goto*);
-static bool ast_label_codegen(ast_label*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static bool ast_goto_codegen(ast_goto*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_goto_delete(ast_goto*);
-static void ast_call_delete(ast_call*);
-static bool ast_call_codegen(ast_call*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static bool ast_block_codegen(ast_block*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_unary_delete(ast_unary*);
-static bool ast_unary_codegen(ast_unary*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_entfield_delete(ast_entfield*);
-static bool ast_entfield_codegen(ast_entfield*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_return_delete(ast_return*);
-static bool ast_return_codegen(ast_return*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_binstore_delete(ast_binstore*);
-static bool ast_binstore_codegen(ast_binstore*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static void ast_binary_delete(ast_binary*);
-static bool ast_binary_codegen(ast_binary*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-static bool ast_state_codegen(ast_state*, ast_function*, bool lvalue, ir_value**);
-
 /* Initialize main ast node aprts */
 ast_node::ast_node(lex_ctx_t ctx, int node_type)
     : m_context(ctx)
@@ -71,7 +24,7 @@ ast_node::~ast_node()
 }
 
 /* weight and side effects */
-void ast_node::propagate_side_effects(ast_node *other) const
+void ast_node::propagateSideEffects(ast_node *other) const
 {
     other->m_side_effects = m_side_effects;
 }
@@ -96,34 +49,43 @@ ast_expression::~ast_expression()
         delete m_varparam;
 }
 
+ast_expression::ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, const ast_expression &other)
+    : ast_expression(ast_copy_type, other.m_context, other)
+{}
+
+ast_expression::ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, lex_ctx_t ctx, const ast_expression &other)
+    : ast_expression(ast_copy_type, TYPE_ast_expression, ctx, other)
+{}
+
 ast_expression::ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, int nodetype, const ast_expression &other)
-    : ast_expression(other.m_context, nodetype)
+    : ast_expression(ast_copy_type, nodetype, other.m_context, other)
+{}
+
+ast_expression::ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, int nodetype, lex_ctx_t ctx, const ast_expression &other)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, nodetype)
 {
     m_vtype = other.m_vtype;
     m_count = other.m_count;
     m_flags = other.m_flags;
     if (other.m_next)
-        m_next = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, TYPE_ast_expression, *other.m_next);
+        m_next = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, *other.m_next);
     m_type_params.reserve(other.m_type_params.size());
     for (auto &it : other.m_type_params)
         m_type_params.emplace_back(new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *it));
 }
 
-ast_expression::ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, const ast_expression &other)
-    : ast_expression(other.m_context, TYPE_ast_expression)
-{}
 
-ast_expression *ast_expression::shallow_type(lex_ctx_t ctx, qc_type vtype) {
+ast_expression *ast_expression::shallowType(lex_ctx_t ctx, qc_type vtype) {
     auto expr = new ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_expression);
     expr->m_vtype = vtype;
     return expr;
 }
 
-void ast_expression::adopt_type(const ast_expression &other)
+void ast_expression::adoptType(const ast_expression &other)
 {
     m_vtype = other.m_vtype;
     if (other.m_next)
-        m_next = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, TYPE_ast_expression, *other.m_next);
+        m_next = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, *other.m_next);
     m_count = other.m_count;
     m_flags = other.m_flags;
     m_type_params.clear();
@@ -132,7 +94,7 @@ void ast_expression::adopt_type(const ast_expression &other)
         m_type_params.emplace_back(new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *it));
 }
 
-bool ast_expression::compare_type(const ast_expression &other) const
+bool ast_expression::compareType(const ast_expression &other) const
 {
     if (m_vtype == TYPE_NIL ||
         other.m_vtype == TYPE_NIL)
@@ -151,27 +113,42 @@ bool ast_expression::compare_type(const ast_expression &other) const
     if (m_type_params.size()) {
         size_t i;
         for (i = 0; i < m_type_params.size(); ++i) {
-            if (!m_type_params[i]->compare_type(*other.m_type_params[i]))
+            if (!m_type_params[i]->compareType(*other.m_type_params[i]))
                 return false;
         }
     }
     if (m_next)
-        return m_next->compare_type(*other.m_next);
+        return m_next->compareType(*other.m_next);
     return true;
 }
 
+bool ast_expression::codegen(ast_function*, bool, ir_value**) {
+    compile_error(m_context, "ast_expression::codegen called!");
+    abort();
+    return false;
+}
+
 ast_value::ast_value(ast_copy_type_t, const ast_value &other, const std::string &name)
     : ast_value(ast_copy_type, static_cast<const ast_expression&>(other), name)
-{}
+{
+    m_keep_node = true; // keep values, always
+    memset(&m_constval, 0, sizeof(m_constval));
+}
 
 ast_value::ast_value(ast_copy_type_t, const ast_value &other)
     : ast_value(ast_copy_type, static_cast<const ast_expression&>(other), other.m_name)
-{}
+{
+    m_keep_node = true; // keep values, always
+    memset(&m_constval, 0, sizeof(m_constval));
+}
 
 ast_value::ast_value(ast_copy_type_t, const ast_expression &other, const std::string &name)
-    : ast_expression(ast_copy_type, other)
+    : ast_expression(ast_copy_type, TYPE_ast_value, other)
     , m_name(name)
-{}
+{
+    m_keep_node = true; // keep values, always
+    memset(&m_constval, 0, sizeof(m_constval));
+}
 
 ast_value::ast_value(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name, qc_type t)
     : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_value, t)
@@ -201,8 +178,6 @@ ast_value::~ast_value()
             break;
         }
     }
-    if (m_ir_values)
-        mem_d(m_ir_values);
 
     // initlist imples an array which implies .next in the expression exists.
     if (m_initlist.size() && m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING) {
@@ -304,7 +279,7 @@ void ast_type_to_string(const ast_expression *e, char *buf, size_t bufsize)
     buf[pos] = 0;
 }
 
-void ast_value::add_param(ast_value *p)
+void ast_value::addParam(ast_value *p)
 {
     m_type_params.emplace_back(p);
 }
@@ -337,14 +312,14 @@ ast_binary::ast_binary(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op,
     m_left = left;
     m_right = right;
 
-    propagate_side_effects(left);
-    propagate_side_effects(right);
+    propagateSideEffects(left);
+    propagateSideEffects(right);
 
     if (op >= INSTR_EQ_F && op <= INSTR_GT)
         m_vtype = TYPE_FLOAT;
     else if (op == INSTR_AND || op == INSTR_OR) {
         if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC))
-            adopt_type(*right);
+            adoptType(*right);
         else
             m_vtype = TYPE_FLOAT;
     }
@@ -377,7 +352,7 @@ ast_binstore::ast_binstore(lex_ctx_t ctx, int storop, int mathop,
     , m_keep_dest(false)
 {
     m_side_effects = true;
-    adopt_type(*left);
+    adoptType(*left);
 }
 
 ast_binstore::~ast_binstore()
@@ -410,7 +385,7 @@ ast_unary::ast_unary(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op, ast_expression *expr)
     , m_op(op)
     , m_operand(expr)
 {
-    propagate_side_effects(expr);
+    propagateSideEffects(expr);
     if ((op >= INSTR_NOT_F && op <= INSTR_NOT_FNC) || op == VINSTR_NEG_F) {
         m_vtype = TYPE_FLOAT;
     } else if (op == VINSTR_NEG_V) {
@@ -431,7 +406,7 @@ ast_return::ast_return(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *expr)
     , m_operand(expr)
 {
     if (expr)
-        propagate_side_effects(expr);
+        propagateSideEffects(expr);
 }
 
 ast_return::~ast_return()
@@ -452,15 +427,15 @@ ast_entfield::ast_entfield(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *entity, ast_expression
     , m_entity(entity)
     , m_field(field)
 {
-    propagate_side_effects(m_entity);
-    propagate_side_effects(m_field);
+    propagateSideEffects(m_entity);
+    propagateSideEffects(m_field);
 
     if (!outtype) {
         compile_error(ctx, "ast_entfield: field has no type");
         m_vtype = TYPE_VOID;
     }
     else
-        adopt_type(*outtype);
+        adoptType(*outtype);
 }
 
 ast_entfield::~ast_entfield()
@@ -498,10 +473,10 @@ ast_member::ast_member(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *owner, unsigned int field,
         m_next  = nullptr;
     } else {
         m_vtype = TYPE_FIELD;
-        m_next = ast_shallow_type(ctx, TYPE_FLOAT);
+        m_next = ast_expression::shallowType(ctx, TYPE_FLOAT);
     }
 
-    propagate_side_effects(owner);
+    propagateSideEffects(owner);
 }
 
 ast_member::~ast_member()
@@ -531,14 +506,14 @@ ast_array_index::ast_array_index(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *array, ast_expre
     , m_array(array)
     , m_index(index)
 {
-    propagate_side_effects(array);
-    propagate_side_effects(index);
+    propagateSideEffects(array);
+    propagateSideEffects(index);
 
     ast_expression *outtype = m_array->m_next;
-    adopt_type(*outtype);
+    adoptType(*outtype);
 
     if (array->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && outtype->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
-        // FIXME: investigate - this is not possible after adopt_type
+        // FIXME: investigate - this is not possible after adoptType
         //if (m_vtype != TYPE_ARRAY) {
         //    compile_error(self->m_context, "array_index node on type");
         //    ast_array_index_delete(self);
@@ -578,7 +553,7 @@ ast_store::ast_store(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op, ast_expression *dest, ast_expression
     , m_source(source)
 {
     m_side_effects = true;
-    adopt_type(*dest);
+    adoptType(*dest);
 }
 
 ast_store::~ast_store()
@@ -593,11 +568,11 @@ ast_ifthen::ast_ifthen(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *cond, ast_expression *ontr
     , m_on_true(ontrue)
     , m_on_false(onfalse)
 {
-    propagate_side_effects(cond);
+    propagateSideEffects(cond);
     if (ontrue)
-        propagate_side_effects(ontrue);
+        propagateSideEffects(ontrue);
     if (onfalse)
-        propagate_side_effects(onfalse);
+        propagateSideEffects(onfalse);
 }
 
 ast_ifthen::~ast_ifthen()
@@ -615,14 +590,14 @@ ast_ternary::ast_ternary(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *cond, ast_expression *on
     , m_on_true(ontrue)
     , m_on_false(onfalse)
 {
-    propagate_side_effects(cond);
-    propagate_side_effects(ontrue);
-    propagate_side_effects(onfalse);
+    propagateSideEffects(cond);
+    propagateSideEffects(ontrue);
+    propagateSideEffects(onfalse);
 
     if (ontrue->m_vtype == TYPE_NIL)
-        adopt_type(onfalse);
+        adoptType(*onfalse);
     else
-        adopt_type(ontrue);
+        adoptType(*ontrue);
 }
 
 ast_ternary::~ast_ternary()
@@ -641,7 +616,7 @@ ast_loop::ast_loop(lex_ctx_t ctx,
                    ast_expression *postcond, bool post_not,
                    ast_expression *increment,
                    ast_expression *body)
-    , ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_loop)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_loop)
     , m_initexpr(initexpr)
     , m_precond(precond)
     , m_postcond(postcond)
@@ -651,15 +626,15 @@ ast_loop::ast_loop(lex_ctx_t ctx,
     , m_post_not(post_not)
 {
     if (initexpr)
-        propagate_side_effects(initexpr);
+        propagateSideEffects(initexpr);
     if (precond)
-        propagate_side_effects(precond);
+        propagateSideEffects(precond);
     if (postcond)
-        propagate_side_effects(postcond);
+        propagateSideEffects(postcond);
     if (increment)
-        propagate_side_effects(increment);
+        propagateSideEffects(increment);
     if (body)
-        propagate_side_effects(body);
+        propagateSideEffects(body);
 }
 
 ast_loop::~ast_loop()
@@ -676,180 +651,134 @@ ast_loop::~ast_loop()
         ast_unref(m_body);
 }
 
-ast_breakcont* ast_breakcont_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, bool iscont, unsigned int levels)
+ast_breakcont::ast_breakcont(lex_ctx_t ctx, bool iscont, unsigned int levels)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_breakcont)
+    , m_is_continue(iscont)
+    , m_levels(levels)
 {
-    ast_instantiate(ast_breakcont, ctx, ast_breakcont_delete);
-    ast_expression_init((ast_expression*)self, (ast_expression_codegen*)&ast_breakcont_codegen);
-
-    self->m_is_continue = iscont;
-    self->m_levels      = levels;
-
-    return self;
 }
 
-void ast_breakcont_delete(ast_breakcont *self)
+ast_breakcont::~ast_breakcont()
 {
-    ast_expression_delete((ast_expression*)self);
-    self->~ast_breakcont();
-    mem_d(self);
 }
 
-ast_switch* ast_switch_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *op)
+ast_switch::ast_switch(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *op)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_switch)
+    , m_operand(op)
 {
-    ast_instantiate(ast_switch, ctx, ast_switch_delete);
-    ast_expression_init((ast_expression*)self, (ast_expression_codegen*)&ast_switch_codegen);
-
-    self->m_operand = op;
-
-    self->propagate_side_effects(op);
-
-    return self;
+    propagateSideEffects(op);
 }
 
-void ast_switch_delete(ast_switch *self)
+ast_switch::~ast_switch()
 {
-    ast_unref(self->m_operand);
+    ast_unref(m_operand);
 
-    for (auto &it : self->m_cases) {
+    for (auto &it : m_cases) {
         if (it.m_value)
             ast_unref(it.m_value);
         ast_unref(it.m_code);
     }
-
-    ast_expression_delete((ast_expression*)self);
-    self->~ast_switch();
-    mem_d(self);
 }
 
-ast_label* ast_label_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *name, bool undefined)
+ast_label::ast_label(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name, bool undefined)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_label)
+    , m_name(name)
+    , m_irblock(nullptr)
+    , m_undefined(undefined)
 {
-    ast_instantiate(ast_label, ctx, ast_label_delete);
-    ast_expression_init((ast_expression*)self, (ast_expression_codegen*)&ast_label_codegen);
-
-    self->m_vtype = TYPE_NOEXPR;
-
-    self->m_name      = util_strdup(name);
-    self->m_irblock   = nullptr;
-    self->m_undefined = undefined;
-
-    return self;
+    m_vtype = TYPE_NOEXPR;
 }
 
-void ast_label_delete(ast_label *self)
+ast_label::~ast_label()
 {
-    mem_d((void*)self->m_name);
-    ast_expression_delete((ast_expression*)self);
-    self->~ast_label();
-    mem_d(self);
 }
 
-static void ast_label_register_goto(ast_label *self, ast_goto *g)
+void ast_label::registerGoto(ast_goto *g)
 {
-   self->m_gotos.push_back(g);
+   m_gotos.push_back(g);
 }
 
-ast_goto* ast_goto_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *name)
+ast_goto::ast_goto(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_goto)
+    , m_name(name)
+    , m_target(nullptr)
+    , m_irblock_from(nullptr)
 {
-    ast_instantiate(ast_goto, ctx, ast_goto_delete);
-    ast_expression_init((ast_expression*)self, (ast_expression_codegen*)&ast_goto_codegen);
-
-    self->m_name    = util_strdup(name);
-    self->m_target  = nullptr;
-    self->m_irblock_from = nullptr;
-
-    return self;
 }
 
-void ast_goto_delete(ast_goto *self)
+ast_goto::~ast_goto()
 {
-    mem_d((void*)self->m_name);
-    ast_expression_delete((ast_expression*)self);
-    self->~ast_goto();
-    mem_d(self);
 }
 
-void ast_goto_set_label(ast_goto *self, ast_label *label)
+void ast_goto::setLabel(ast_label *label)
 {
-    self->m_target = label;
+    m_target = label;
 }
 
-ast_state* ast_state_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *frame, ast_expression *think)
+ast_state::ast_state(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *frame, ast_expression *think)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_expression)
+    , m_framenum(frame)
+    , m_nextthink(think)
 {
-    ast_instantiate(ast_state, ctx, ast_state_delete);
-    ast_expression_init((ast_expression*)self, (ast_expression_codegen*)&ast_state_codegen);
-    self->m_framenum  = frame;
-    self->m_nextthink = think;
-    return self;
 }
 
-void ast_state_delete(ast_state *self)
+ast_state::~ast_state()
 {
-    if (self->m_framenum)
-        ast_unref(self->m_framenum);
-    if (self->m_nextthink)
-        ast_unref(self->m_nextthink);
-
-    ast_expression_delete((ast_expression*)self);
-    self->~ast_state();
-    mem_d(self);
+    if (m_framenum)
+        ast_unref(m_framenum);
+    if (m_nextthink)
+        ast_unref(m_nextthink);
 }
 
-ast_call* ast_call_new(lex_ctx_t ctx,
-                       ast_expression *funcexpr)
+ast_call *ast_call::make(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *funcexpr)
 {
-    ast_instantiate(ast_call, ctx, ast_call_delete);
     if (!funcexpr->m_next) {
         compile_error(ctx, "not a function");
-        mem_d(self);
         return nullptr;
     }
-    ast_expression_init((ast_expression*)self, (ast_expression_codegen*)&ast_call_codegen);
-
-    self->m_side_effects = true;
-
-    self->m_func     = funcexpr;
-    self->m_va_count = nullptr;
-
-    ast_type_adopt(self, funcexpr->m_next);
+    return new ast_call(ctx, funcexpr);
+}
 
-    return self;
+ast_call::ast_call(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *funcexpr)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_call)
+    , m_func(funcexpr)
+    , m_va_count(nullptr)
+{
+    m_side_effects = true;
+    adoptType(*funcexpr->m_next);
 }
 
-void ast_call_delete(ast_call *self)
+ast_call::~ast_call()
 {
-    for (auto &it : self->m_params)
+    for (auto &it : m_params)
         ast_unref(it);
 
-    if (self->m_func)
-        ast_unref(self->m_func);
+    if (m_func)
+        ast_unref(m_func);
 
-    if (self->m_va_count)
-        ast_unref(self->m_va_count);
-
-    ast_expression_delete((ast_expression*)self);
-    self->~ast_call();
-    mem_d(self);
+    if (m_va_count)
+        ast_unref(m_va_count);
 }
 
-static bool ast_call_check_vararg(ast_call *self, ast_expression *va_type, ast_expression *exp_type)
+bool ast_call::checkVararg(ast_expression *va_type, ast_expression *exp_type) const
 {
     char texp[1024];
     char tgot[1024];
     if (!exp_type)
         return true;
-    if (!va_type || !ast_compare_type(va_type, exp_type))
+    if (!va_type || !va_type->compareType(*exp_type))
     {
         if (va_type && exp_type)
         {
             ast_type_to_string(va_type,  tgot, sizeof(tgot));
             ast_type_to_string(exp_type, texp, sizeof(texp));
             if (OPTS_FLAG(UNSAFE_VARARGS)) {
-                if (compile_warning(self->m_context, WARN_UNSAFE_TYPES,
+                if (compile_warning(m_context, WARN_UNSAFE_TYPES,
                                     "piped variadic argument differs in type: constrained to type %s, expected type %s",
                                     tgot, texp))
                     return false;
             } else {
-                compile_error(self->m_context,
+                compile_error(m_context,
                               "piped variadic argument differs in type: constrained to type %s, expected type %s",
                               tgot, texp);
                 return false;
@@ -859,12 +788,12 @@ static bool ast_call_check_vararg(ast_call *self, ast_expression *va_type, ast_e
         {
             ast_type_to_string(exp_type, texp, sizeof(texp));
             if (OPTS_FLAG(UNSAFE_VARARGS)) {
-                if (compile_warning(self->m_context, WARN_UNSAFE_TYPES,
+                if (compile_warning(m_context, WARN_UNSAFE_TYPES,
                                     "piped variadic argument may differ in type: expected type %s",
                                     texp))
                     return false;
             } else {
-                compile_error(self->m_context,
+                compile_error(m_context,
                               "piped variadic argument may differ in type: expected type %s",
                               texp);
                 return false;
@@ -874,54 +803,54 @@ static bool ast_call_check_vararg(ast_call *self, ast_expression *va_type, ast_e
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_call_check_types(ast_call *self, ast_expression *va_type)
+bool ast_call::checkTypes(ast_expression *va_type) const
 {
     char texp[1024];
     char tgot[1024];
     size_t i;
     bool retval = true;
-    const ast_expression *func = self->m_func;
-    size_t count = self->m_params.size();
-    if (count > func->m_type_params.size())
-        count = func->m_type_params.size();
+
+    size_t count = m_params.size();
+    if (count > m_func->m_type_params.size())
+        count = m_func->m_type_params.size();
 
     for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        if (ast_istype(self->m_params[i], ast_argpipe)) {
+        if (ast_istype(m_params[i], ast_argpipe)) {
             /* warn about type safety instead */
             if (i+1 != count) {
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "argpipe must be the last parameter to a function call");
+                compile_error(m_context, "argpipe must be the last parameter to a function call");
                 return false;
             }
-            if (!ast_call_check_vararg(self, va_type, (ast_expression*)func->m_type_params[i]))
+            if (!checkVararg(va_type, m_func->m_type_params[i].get()))
                 retval = false;
         }
-        else if (!ast_compare_type(self->m_params[i], (ast_expression*)(func->m_type_params[i])))
+        else if (!m_params[i]->compareType(*m_func->m_type_params[i]))
         {
-            ast_type_to_string(self->m_params[i], tgot, sizeof(tgot));
-            ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)func->m_type_params[i], texp, sizeof(texp));
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "invalid type for parameter %u in function call: expected %s, got %s",
+            ast_type_to_string(m_params[i], tgot, sizeof(tgot));
+            ast_type_to_string(m_func->m_type_params[i].get(), texp, sizeof(texp));
+            compile_error(m_context, "invalid type for parameter %u in function call: expected %s, got %s",
                      (unsigned int)(i+1), texp, tgot);
             /* we don't immediately return */
             retval = false;
         }
     }
-    count = self->m_params.size();
-    if (count > func->m_type_params.size() && func->m_varparam) {
+    count = m_params.size();
+    if (count > m_func->m_type_params.size() && m_func->m_varparam) {
         for (; i < count; ++i) {
-            if (ast_istype(self->m_params[i], ast_argpipe)) {
+            if (ast_istype(m_params[i], ast_argpipe)) {
                 /* warn about type safety instead */
                 if (i+1 != count) {
-                    compile_error(self->m_context, "argpipe must be the last parameter to a function call");
+                    compile_error(m_context, "argpipe must be the last parameter to a function call");
                     return false;
                 }
-                if (!ast_call_check_vararg(self, va_type, func->m_varparam))
+                if (!checkVararg(va_type, m_func->m_varparam))
                     retval = false;
             }
-            else if (!ast_compare_type(self->m_params[i], func->m_varparam))
+            else if (!m_params[i]->compareType(*m_func->m_varparam))
             {
-                ast_type_to_string(self->m_params[i], tgot, sizeof(tgot));
-                ast_type_to_string(func->m_varparam, texp, sizeof(texp));
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "invalid type for variadic parameter %u in function call: expected %s, got %s",
+                ast_type_to_string(m_params[i], tgot, sizeof(tgot));
+                ast_type_to_string(m_func->m_varparam, texp, sizeof(texp));
+                compile_error(m_context, "invalid type for variadic parameter %u in function call: expected %s, got %s",
                          (unsigned int)(i+1), texp, tgot);
                 /* we don't immediately return */
                 retval = false;
@@ -931,120 +860,95 @@ bool ast_call_check_types(ast_call *self, ast_expression *va_type)
     return retval;
 }
 
-ast_block* ast_block_new(lex_ctx_t ctx)
+ast_block::ast_block(lex_ctx_t ctx)
+    : ast_expression(ctx, TYPE_ast_block)
 {
-    ast_instantiate(ast_block, ctx, ast_block_delete);
-    ast_expression_init((ast_expression*)self,
-                        (ast_expression_codegen*)&ast_block_codegen);
-    return self;
 }
 
-bool ast_block_add_expr(ast_block *self, ast_expression *e)
+ast_block::~ast_block()
 {
-    self->propagate_side_effects(e);
-    self->m_exprs.push_back(e);
-    if (self->m_next) {
-        ast_delete(self->m_next);
-        self->m_next = nullptr;
-    }
-    ast_type_adopt(self, e);
-    return true;
+    for (auto &it : m_exprs) ast_unref(it);
+    for (auto &it : m_locals) delete it;
+    for (auto &it : m_collect) delete it;
 }
 
-void ast_block_collect(ast_block *self, ast_expression *expr)
+void ast_block::setType(const ast_expression &from)
 {
-    self->m_collect.push_back(expr);
-    expr->m_keep_node = true;
+    if (m_next)
+        delete m_next;
+    adoptType(from);
 }
 
-void ast_block_delete(ast_block *self)
+
+bool ast_block::addExpr(ast_expression *e)
 {
-    for (auto &it : self->m_exprs) ast_unref(it);
-    for (auto &it : self->m_locals) ast_delete(it);
-    for (auto &it : self->m_collect) ast_delete(it);
-    ast_expression_delete((ast_expression*)self);
-    self->~ast_block();
-    mem_d(self);
+    propagateSideEffects(e);
+    m_exprs.push_back(e);
+    if (m_next) {
+        delete m_next;
+        m_next = nullptr;
+    }
+    adoptType(*e);
+    return true;
 }
 
-void ast_block_set_type(ast_block *self, ast_expression *from)
+void ast_block::collect(ast_expression *expr)
 {
-    if (self->m_next)
-        ast_delete(self->m_next);
-    ast_type_adopt(self, from);
+    m_collect.push_back(expr);
+    expr->m_keep_node = true;
 }
 
-ast_function* ast_function_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *name, ast_value *vtype)
+ast_function *ast_function::make(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name, ast_value *vtype)
 {
-    ast_instantiate(ast_function, ctx, ast_function_delete);
-
     if (!vtype) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_function_new condition 0");
-        goto cleanup;
+        compile_error(ctx, "internal error: ast_function_new condition 0");
+        return nullptr;
     } else if (vtype->m_hasvalue || vtype->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_function_new condition %i %i type=%i (probably 2 bodies?)",
+        compile_error(ctx, "internal error: ast_function_new condition %i %i type=%i (probably 2 bodies?)",
                  (int)!vtype,
                  (int)vtype->m_hasvalue,
                  vtype->m_vtype);
-        goto cleanup;
+        return nullptr;
     }
+    return new ast_function(ctx, name, vtype);
+}
 
-    self->m_function_type = vtype;
-    self->m_name          = name ? util_strdup(name) : nullptr;
-
-    self->m_labelcount = 0;
-    self->m_builtin = 0;
-
-    self->m_ir_func = nullptr;
-    self->m_curblock = nullptr;
-
+ast_function::ast_function(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name, ast_value *vtype)
+    : ast_node(ctx, TYPE_ast_function)
+    , m_function_type(vtype)
+    , m_name(name)
+    , m_builtin(0)
+    , m_static_count(0)
+    , m_ir_func(nullptr)
+    , m_curblock(nullptr)
+    , m_labelcount(0)
+    , m_varargs(nullptr)
+    , m_argc(nullptr)
+    , m_fixedparams(nullptr)
+    , m_return_value(nullptr)
+{
     vtype->m_hasvalue = true;
-    vtype->m_constval.vfunc = self;
-
-    self->m_varargs          = nullptr;
-    self->m_argc             = nullptr;
-    self->m_fixedparams      = nullptr;
-    self->m_return_value     = nullptr;
-    self->m_static_count     = 0;
+    vtype->m_constval.vfunc = this;
+}
 
-    return self;
+ast_function::~ast_function()
+{
+    if (m_function_type) {
+        // ast_value_delete(m_function_type);
+        m_function_type->m_hasvalue = false;
+        m_function_type->m_constval.vfunc = nullptr;
+        // We use unref - if it was stored in a global table it is supposed
+        // to be deleted from *there*
+        ast_unref(m_function_type);
+    }
 
-cleanup:
-    mem_d(self);
-    return nullptr;
+    if (m_fixedparams)
+        ast_unref(m_fixedparams);
+    if (m_return_value)
+        ast_unref(m_return_value);
 }
 
-void ast_function_delete(ast_function *self)
-{
-    if (self->m_name)
-        mem_d((void*)self->m_name);
-    if (self->m_function_type) {
-        /* ast_value_delete(self->m_function_type); */
-        self->m_function_type->m_hasvalue = false;
-        self->m_function_type->m_constval.vfunc = nullptr;
-        /* We use unref - if it was stored in a global table it is supposed
-         * to be deleted from *there*
-         */
-        ast_unref(self->m_function_type);
-    }
-    for (auto &it : self->m_static_names)
-        mem_d(it);
-    // FIXME::DELME:: unique_ptr used on ast_block
-    //for (auto &it : self->m_blocks)
-    //    ast_delete(it);
-    if (self->m_varargs)
-        ast_delete(self->m_varargs);
-    if (self->m_argc)
-        ast_delete(self->m_argc);
-    if (self->m_fixedparams)
-        ast_unref(self->m_fixedparams);
-    if (self->m_return_value)
-        ast_unref(self->m_return_value);
-    self->~ast_function();
-    mem_d(self);
-}
-
-const char* ast_function_label(ast_function *self, const char *prefix)
+const char* ast_function::makeLabel(const char *prefix)
 {
     size_t id;
     size_t len;
@@ -1057,10 +961,10 @@ const char* ast_function_label(ast_function *self, const char *prefix)
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    id  = (self->m_labelcount++);
+    id  = (m_labelcount++);
     len = strlen(prefix);
 
-    from = self->m_labelbuf + sizeof(self->m_labelbuf)-1;
+    from = m_labelbuf + sizeof(m_labelbuf)-1;
     *from-- = 0;
     do {
         *from-- = (id%10) + '0';
@@ -1078,7 +982,7 @@ const char* ast_function_label(ast_function *self, const char *prefix)
  * But I can't imagine a pituation where the output is truly unnecessary.
  */
 
-static void _ast_codegen_output_type(ast_expression *self, ir_value *out)
+static void codegen_output_type(ast_expression *self, ir_value *out)
 {
     if (out->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
         out->m_fieldtype = self->m_next->m_vtype;
@@ -1086,349 +990,339 @@ static void _ast_codegen_output_type(ast_expression *self, ir_value *out)
         out->m_outtype = self->m_next->m_vtype;
 }
 
-#define codegen_output_type(a,o) (_ast_codegen_output_type(static_cast<ast_expression*>((a)),(o)))
-
-bool ast_value_codegen(ast_value *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_value::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
     (void)func;
     (void)lvalue;
-    if (self->m_vtype == TYPE_NIL) {
+    if (m_vtype == TYPE_NIL) {
         *out = func->m_ir_func->m_owner->m_nil;
         return true;
     }
-    /* NOTE: This is the codegen for a variable used in an 
-     * It is not the codegen to generate the value. For this purpose,
-     * ast_local_codegen and ast_global_codegen are to be used before this
-     * is executed. ast_function_codegen should take care of its locals,
-     * and the ast-user should take care of ast_global_codegen to be used
-     * on all the globals.
-     */
-    if (!self->m_ir_v) {
+    // NOTE: This is the codegen for a variable used in an expression.
+    // It is not the codegen to generate the value storage. For this purpose,
+    // generateLocal and generateGlobal are to be used before this
+    // is executed. ast_function::generateFunction should take care of its
+    // locals, and the ast-user should take care of generateGlobal to be used
+    // on all the globals.
+    if (!m_ir_v) {
         char tname[1024]; /* typename is reserved in C++ */
-        ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)self, tname, sizeof(tname));
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "ast_value used before generated %s %s", tname, self->m_name);
+        ast_type_to_string(this, tname, sizeof(tname));
+        compile_error(m_context, "ast_value used before generated %s %s", tname, m_name);
         return false;
     }
-    *out = self->m_ir_v;
+    *out = m_ir_v;
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool ast_global_array_set(ast_value *self)
+bool ast_value::setGlobalArray()
 {
-    size_t count = self->m_initlist.size();
+    size_t count = m_initlist.size();
     size_t i;
 
-    if (count > self->m_count) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "too many elements in initializer");
-        count = self->m_count;
+    if (count > m_count) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "too many elements in initializer");
+        count = m_count;
     }
-    else if (count < self->m_count) {
+    else if (count < m_count) {
         /* add this?
-        compile_warning(self->m_context, "not all elements are initialized");
+        compile_warning(m_context, "not all elements are initialized");
         */
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i != count; ++i) {
-        switch (self->m_next->m_vtype) {
+        switch (m_next->m_vtype) {
             case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                if (!ir_value_set_float(self->m_ir_values[i], self->m_initlist[i].vfloat))
+                if (!ir_value_set_float(m_ir_values[i], m_initlist[i].vfloat))
                     return false;
                 break;
             case TYPE_VECTOR:
-                if (!ir_value_set_vector(self->m_ir_values[i], self->m_initlist[i].vvec))
+                if (!ir_value_set_vector(m_ir_values[i], m_initlist[i].vvec))
                     return false;
                 break;
             case TYPE_STRING:
-                if (!ir_value_set_string(self->m_ir_values[i], self->m_initlist[i].vstring))
+                if (!ir_value_set_string(m_ir_values[i], m_initlist[i].vstring))
                     return false;
                 break;
             case TYPE_ARRAY:
                 /* we don't support them in any other place yet either */
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "TODO: nested arrays");
+                compile_error(m_context, "TODO: nested arrays");
                 return false;
             case TYPE_FUNCTION:
                 /* this requiers a bit more work - similar to the fields I suppose */
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "global of type function not properly generated");
+                compile_error(m_context, "global of type function not properly generated");
                 return false;
             case TYPE_FIELD:
-                if (!self->m_initlist[i].vfield) {
-                    compile_error(self->m_context, "field constant without vfield set");
+                if (!m_initlist[i].vfield) {
+                    compile_error(m_context, "field constant without vfield set");
                     return false;
                 }
-                if (!self->m_initlist[i].vfield->m_ir_v) {
-                    compile_error(self->m_context, "field constant generated before its field");
+                if (!m_initlist[i].vfield->m_ir_v) {
+                    compile_error(m_context, "field constant generated before its field");
                     return false;
                 }
-                if (!ir_value_set_field(self->m_ir_values[i], self->m_initlist[i].vfield->m_ir_v))
+                if (!ir_value_set_field(m_ir_values[i], m_initlist[i].vfield->m_ir_v))
                     return false;
                 break;
             default:
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "TODO: global constant type %i", self->m_vtype);
+                compile_error(m_context, "TODO: global constant type %i", m_vtype);
                 break;
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool check_array(ast_value *self, ast_value *array)
+bool ast_value::checkArray(const ast_value &array) const
 {
-    if (array->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ARRAY_INIT && array->m_initlist.empty()) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "array without size: %s", self->m_name);
+    if (array.m_flags & AST_FLAG_ARRAY_INIT && array.m_initlist.empty()) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "array without size: %s", m_name);
         return false;
     }
-    /* we are lame now - considering the way QC works we won't tolerate arrays > 1024 elements */
-    if (!array->m_count || array->m_count > OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "Invalid array of size %lu", (unsigned long)array->m_count);
+    // we are lame now - considering the way QC works we won't tolerate arrays > 1024 elements
+    if (!array.m_count || array.m_count > OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "Invalid array of size %lu", (unsigned long)array.m_count);
         return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_global_codegen(ast_value *self, ir_builder *ir, bool isfield)
+bool ast_value::generateGlobal(ir_builder *ir, bool isfield)
 {
-    ir_value *v = nullptr;
-
-    if (self->m_vtype == TYPE_NIL) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: trying to generate a variable of TYPE_NIL");
+    if (m_vtype == TYPE_NIL) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: trying to generate a variable of TYPE_NIL");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_hasvalue && self->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
-    {
-        ir_function *func = ir_builder_create_function(ir, self->m_name, self->m_next->m_vtype);
-        if (!func)
-            return false;
-        func->m_context = self->m_context;
-        func->m_value->m_context = self->m_context;
-
-        self->m_constval.vfunc->m_ir_func = func;
-        self->m_ir_v = func->m_value;
-        if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
-            self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
-        if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
-            self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
-        if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_BLOCK_COVERAGE)
-            func->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_BLOCK_COVERAGE;
-        /* The function is filled later on ast_function_codegen... */
-        return true;
-    }
+    if (m_hasvalue && m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
+        return generateGlobalFunction(ir);
 
-    if (isfield && self->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD) {
-        ast_expression *fieldtype = self->m_next;
+    if (isfield && m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
+        return generateGlobalField(ir);
 
-        if (self->m_hasvalue) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "TODO: constant field pointers with value");
-            goto error;
+    ir_value *v = nullptr;
+    if (m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
+        v = prepareGlobalArray(ir);
+        if (!v)
+            return false;
+    } else {
+        // Arrays don't do this since there's no "array" value which spans across the
+        // whole thing.
+        v = ir_builder_create_global(ir, m_name, m_vtype);
+        if (!v) {
+            compile_error(m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed on `%s`", m_name);
+            return false;
         }
+        codegen_output_type(this, v);
+        v->m_context = m_context;
+    }
 
-        if (fieldtype->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
-            size_t ai;
-            char   *name;
-            size_t  namelen;
-
-            ast_expression *elemtype;
-            qc_type         vtype;
-            ast_value      *array = (ast_value*)fieldtype;
-
-            if (!ast_istype(fieldtype, ast_value)) {
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_value required");
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (!check_array(self, array))
-                return false;
+    /* link us to the ir_value */
+    v->m_cvq = m_cvq;
+    m_ir_v = v;
 
-            elemtype = array->m_next;
-            vtype = elemtype->m_vtype;
+    if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
+        m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
+    if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
+        m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
 
-            v = ir_builder_create_field(ir, self->m_name, vtype);
-            if (!v) {
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed on `%s`", self->m_name);
+    /* initialize */
+    if (m_hasvalue) {
+        switch (m_vtype)
+        {
+            case TYPE_FLOAT:
+                if (!ir_value_set_float(v, m_constval.vfloat))
+                    return false;
+                break;
+            case TYPE_VECTOR:
+                if (!ir_value_set_vector(v, m_constval.vvec))
+                    return false;
+                break;
+            case TYPE_STRING:
+                if (!ir_value_set_string(v, m_constval.vstring))
+                    return false;
+                break;
+            case TYPE_ARRAY:
+                if (!setGlobalArray())
+                    return false;
+                break;
+            case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+                compile_error(m_context, "global of type function not properly generated");
                 return false;
-            }
-            v->m_context = self->m_context;
-            v->m_unique_life = true;
-            v->m_locked      = true;
-            array->m_ir_v = self->m_ir_v = v;
-
-            if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
-                self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
-            if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
-                self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
-
-            namelen = strlen(self->m_name);
-            name    = (char*)mem_a(namelen + 16);
-            util_strncpy(name, self->m_name, namelen);
-
-            array->m_ir_values = (ir_value**)mem_a(sizeof(array->m_ir_values[0]) * array->m_count);
-            array->m_ir_values[0] = v;
-            for (ai = 1; ai < array->m_count; ++ai) {
-                util_snprintf(name + namelen, 16, "[%u]", (unsigned int)ai);
-                array->m_ir_values[ai] = ir_builder_create_field(ir, name, vtype);
-                if (!array->m_ir_values[ai]) {
-                    mem_d(name);
-                    compile_error(self->m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed on `%s`", name);
+                /* Cannot generate an IR value for a function,
+                 * need a pointer pointing to a function rather.
+                 */
+            case TYPE_FIELD:
+                if (!m_constval.vfield) {
+                    compile_error(m_context, "field constant without vfield set");
                     return false;
                 }
-                array->m_ir_values[ai]->m_context = self->m_context;
-                array->m_ir_values[ai]->m_unique_life = true;
-                array->m_ir_values[ai]->m_locked      = true;
-                if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
-                    self->m_ir_values[ai]->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
-            }
-            mem_d(name);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            v = ir_builder_create_field(ir, self->m_name, self->m_next->m_vtype);
-            if (!v)
-                return false;
-            v->m_context = self->m_context;
-            self->m_ir_v = v;
-            if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
-                self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
-
-            if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
-                self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
+                if (!m_constval.vfield->m_ir_v) {
+                    compile_error(m_context, "field constant generated before its field");
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (!ir_value_set_field(v, m_constval.vfield->m_ir_v))
+                    return false;
+                break;
+            default:
+                compile_error(m_context, "TODO: global constant type %i", m_vtype);
+                break;
         }
-        return true;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
-        size_t ai;
-        char   *name;
-        size_t  namelen;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ast_value::generateGlobalFunction(ir_builder *ir)
+{
+    ir_function *func = ir_builder_create_function(ir, m_name, m_next->m_vtype);
+    if (!func)
+        return false;
+    func->m_context = m_context;
+    func->m_value->m_context = m_context;
 
-        ast_expression *elemtype = self->m_next;
-        qc_type vtype = elemtype->m_vtype;
+    m_constval.vfunc->m_ir_func = func;
+    m_ir_v = func->m_value;
+    if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
+        m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
+    if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
+        m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
+    if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_BLOCK_COVERAGE)
+        func->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_BLOCK_COVERAGE;
+    // The function is filled later on ast_function::generateFunction...
+    return true;
+}
 
-        if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ARRAY_INIT && !self->m_count) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "array `%s' has no size", self->m_name);
+bool ast_value::generateGlobalField(ir_builder *ir)
+{
+    ast_expression *fieldtype = m_next;
+
+    if (m_hasvalue) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "TODO: constant field pointers with value");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (fieldtype->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
+        if (!ast_istype(fieldtype, ast_value)) {
+            compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_value required");
             return false;
         }
+        ast_value      *array = reinterpret_cast<ast_value*>(fieldtype);
 
-        /* same as with field arrays */
-        if (!check_array(self, self))
+        if (!checkArray(*array))
             return false;
 
-        v = ir_builder_create_global(ir, self->m_name, vtype);
+        ast_expression *elemtype = array->m_next;
+        qc_type vtype = elemtype->m_vtype;
+
+        ir_value *v = ir_builder_create_field(ir, m_name, vtype);
         if (!v) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed `%s`", self->m_name);
+            compile_error(m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed on `%s`", m_name);
             return false;
         }
-        v->m_context = self->m_context;
+        v->m_context = m_context;
         v->m_unique_life = true;
         v->m_locked      = true;
-
-        if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
-            v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
-        if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
-            self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
-
-        namelen = strlen(self->m_name);
-        name    = (char*)mem_a(namelen + 16);
-        util_strncpy(name, self->m_name, namelen);
-
-        self->m_ir_values = (ir_value**)mem_a(sizeof(self->m_ir_values[0]) * self->m_count);
-        self->m_ir_values[0] = v;
-        for (ai = 1; ai < self->m_count; ++ai) {
-            util_snprintf(name + namelen, 16, "[%u]", (unsigned int)ai);
-            self->m_ir_values[ai] = ir_builder_create_global(ir, name, vtype);
-            if (!self->m_ir_values[ai]) {
-                mem_d(name);
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed `%s`", name);
+        array->m_ir_v = m_ir_v = v;
+
+        if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
+            m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
+        if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
+            m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
+
+        const size_t namelen = m_name.length();
+        std::unique_ptr<char[]> name(new char[namelen+16]);
+        util_strncpy(name.get(), m_name.c_str(), namelen);
+
+        array->m_ir_values.resize(array->m_count);
+        array->m_ir_values[0] = v;
+        for (size_t ai = 1; ai < array->m_count; ++ai) {
+            util_snprintf(name.get() + namelen, 16, "[%u]", (unsigned int)ai);
+            array->m_ir_values[ai] = ir_builder_create_field(ir, name.get(), vtype);
+            if (!array->m_ir_values[ai]) {
+                compile_error(m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed on `%s`", name.get());
                 return false;
             }
-            self->m_ir_values[ai]->m_context = self->m_context;
-            self->m_ir_values[ai]->m_unique_life = true;
-            self->m_ir_values[ai]->m_locked      = true;
-            if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
-                self->m_ir_values[ai]->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
+            array->m_ir_values[ai]->m_context = m_context;
+            array->m_ir_values[ai]->m_unique_life = true;
+            array->m_ir_values[ai]->m_locked      = true;
+            if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
+                m_ir_values[ai]->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
         }
-        mem_d(name);
     }
     else
     {
-        /* Arrays don't do this since there's no "array" value which spans across the
-         * whole thing.
-         */
-        v = ir_builder_create_global(ir, self->m_name, self->m_vtype);
-        if (!v) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed on `%s`", self->m_name);
+        ir_value *v = ir_builder_create_field(ir, m_name, m_next->m_vtype);
+        if (!v)
             return false;
-        }
-        codegen_output_type(self, v);
-        v->m_context = self->m_context;
+        v->m_context = m_context;
+        m_ir_v = v;
+        if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
+            m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
+
+        if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
+            m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
     }
+    return true;
+}
 
-    /* link us to the ir_value */
-    v->m_cvq = self->m_cvq;
-    self->m_ir_v = v;
+ir_value *ast_value::prepareGlobalArray(ir_builder *ir)
+{
+    ast_expression *elemtype = m_next;
+    qc_type vtype = elemtype->m_vtype;
 
-    if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
-        self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
-    if (self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
-        self->m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
+    if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_ARRAY_INIT && !m_count) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "array `%s' has no size", m_name);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
 
-    /* initialize */
-    if (self->m_hasvalue) {
-        switch (self->m_vtype)
-        {
-            case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                if (!ir_value_set_float(v, self->m_constval.vfloat))
-                    goto error;
-                break;
-            case TYPE_VECTOR:
-                if (!ir_value_set_vector(v, self->m_constval.vvec))
-                    goto error;
-                break;
-            case TYPE_STRING:
-                if (!ir_value_set_string(v, self->m_constval.vstring))
-                    goto error;
-                break;
-            case TYPE_ARRAY:
-                ast_global_array_set(self);
-                break;
-            case TYPE_FUNCTION:
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "global of type function not properly generated");
-                goto error;
-                /* Cannot generate an IR value for a function,
-                 * need a pointer pointing to a function rather.
-                 */
-            case TYPE_FIELD:
-                if (!self->m_constval.vfield) {
-                    compile_error(self->m_context, "field constant without vfield set");
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                if (!self->m_constval.vfield->m_ir_v) {
-                    compile_error(self->m_context, "field constant generated before its field");
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                if (!ir_value_set_field(v, self->m_constval.vfield->m_ir_v))
-                    goto error;
-                break;
-            default:
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "TODO: global constant type %i", self->m_vtype);
-                break;
+    /* same as with field arrays */
+    if (!checkArray(*this))
+        return nullptr;
+
+    ir_value *v = ir_builder_create_global(ir, m_name, vtype);
+    if (!v) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed `%s`", m_name);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    v->m_context = m_context;
+    v->m_unique_life = true;
+    v->m_locked      = true;
+
+    if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
+        v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
+    if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE)
+        m_ir_v->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_ERASABLE;
+
+    const size_t namelen = m_name.length();
+    std::unique_ptr<char[]> name(new char[namelen+16]);
+    util_strncpy(name.get(), m_name.c_str(), namelen);
+
+    m_ir_values.resize(m_count);
+    m_ir_values[0] = v;
+    for (size_t ai = 1; ai < m_count; ++ai) {
+        util_snprintf(name.get() + namelen, 16, "[%u]", (unsigned int)ai);
+        m_ir_values[ai] = ir_builder_create_global(ir, name.get(), vtype);
+        if (!m_ir_values[ai]) {
+            compile_error(m_context, "ir_builder_create_global failed `%s`", name.get());
+            return nullptr;
         }
+        m_ir_values[ai]->m_context = m_context;
+        m_ir_values[ai]->m_unique_life = true;
+        m_ir_values[ai]->m_locked      = true;
+        if (m_flags & AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF)
+            m_ir_values[ai]->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
     }
-    return true;
 
-error: /* clean up */
-    if (v) delete v;
-    return false;
+    return v;
 }
 
-static bool ast_local_codegen(ast_value *self, ir_function *func, bool param)
+bool ast_value::generateLocal(ir_function *func, bool param)
 {
-    ir_value *v = nullptr;
-
-    if (self->m_vtype == TYPE_NIL) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: trying to generate a variable of TYPE_NIL");
+    if (m_vtype == TYPE_NIL) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: trying to generate a variable of TYPE_NIL");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_hasvalue && self->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
+    if (m_hasvalue && m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
     {
         /* Do we allow local functions? I think not...
          * this is NOT a function pointer atm.
@@ -1436,96 +1330,86 @@ static bool ast_local_codegen(ast_value *self, ir_function *func, bool param)
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
-        size_t ai;
-        char   *name;
-        size_t  namelen;
-
-        ast_expression *elemtype = self->m_next;
+    ir_value *v = nullptr;
+    if (m_vtype == TYPE_ARRAY) {
+        ast_expression *elemtype = m_next;
         qc_type vtype = elemtype->m_vtype;
 
         func->m_flags |= IR_FLAG_HAS_ARRAYS;
 
-        if (param && !(self->m_flags & AST_FLAG_IS_VARARG)) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "array-parameters are not supported");
+        if (param && !(m_flags & AST_FLAG_IS_VARARG)) {
+            compile_error(m_context, "array-parameters are not supported");
             return false;
         }
 
         /* we are lame now - considering the way QC works we won't tolerate arrays > 1024 elements */
-        if (!check_array(self, self))
+        if (!checkArray(*this))
             return false;
 
-        self->m_ir_values = (ir_value**)mem_a(sizeof(self->m_ir_values[0]) * self->m_count);
-        if (!self->m_ir_values) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "failed to allocate array values");
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        v = ir_function_create_local(func, self->m_name, vtype, param);
+        m_ir_values.resize(m_count);
+        v = ir_function_create_local(func, m_name, vtype, param);
         if (!v) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ir_function_create_local failed");
+            compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ir_function_create_local failed");
             return false;
         }
-        v->m_context = self->m_context;
+        v->m_context = m_context;
         v->m_unique_life = true;
         v->m_locked      = true;
 
-        namelen = strlen(self->m_name);
-        name    = (char*)mem_a(namelen + 16);
-        util_strncpy(name, self->m_name, namelen);
+        const size_t namelen = m_name.length();
+        std::unique_ptr<char[]> name(new char[namelen+16]);
+        util_strncpy(name.get(), m_name.c_str(), namelen);
 
-        self->m_ir_values[0] = v;
-        for (ai = 1; ai < self->m_count; ++ai) {
-            util_snprintf(name + namelen, 16, "[%u]", (unsigned int)ai);
-            self->m_ir_values[ai] = ir_function_create_local(func, name, vtype, param);
-            if (!self->m_ir_values[ai]) {
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "internal_error: ir_builder_create_global failed on `%s`", name);
+        m_ir_values[0] = v;
+        for (size_t ai = 1; ai < m_count; ++ai) {
+            util_snprintf(name.get() + namelen, 16, "[%u]", (unsigned int)ai);
+            m_ir_values[ai] = ir_function_create_local(func, name.get(), vtype, param);
+            if (!m_ir_values[ai]) {
+                compile_error(m_context, "internal_error: ir_builder_create_global failed on `%s`", name.get());
                 return false;
             }
-            self->m_ir_values[ai]->m_context = self->m_context;
-            self->m_ir_values[ai]->m_unique_life = true;
-            self->m_ir_values[ai]->m_locked      = true;
+            m_ir_values[ai]->m_context = m_context;
+            m_ir_values[ai]->m_unique_life = true;
+            m_ir_values[ai]->m_locked      = true;
         }
-        mem_d(name);
     }
     else
     {
-        v = ir_function_create_local(func, self->m_name, self->m_vtype, param);
+        v = ir_function_create_local(func, m_name, m_vtype, param);
         if (!v)
             return false;
-        codegen_output_type(self, v);
-        v->m_context = self->m_context;
+        codegen_output_type(this, v);
+        v->m_context = m_context;
     }
 
-    /* A constant local... hmmm...
-     * I suppose the IR will have to deal with this
-     */
-    if (self->m_hasvalue) {
-        switch (self->m_vtype)
+    // A constant local... hmmm...
+    // I suppose the IR will have to deal with this
+    if (m_hasvalue) {
+        switch (m_vtype)
         {
             case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                if (!ir_value_set_float(v, self->m_constval.vfloat))
+                if (!ir_value_set_float(v, m_constval.vfloat))
                     goto error;
                 break;
             case TYPE_VECTOR:
-                if (!ir_value_set_vector(v, self->m_constval.vvec))
+                if (!ir_value_set_vector(v, m_constval.vvec))
                     goto error;
                 break;
             case TYPE_STRING:
-                if (!ir_value_set_string(v, self->m_constval.vstring))
+                if (!ir_value_set_string(v, m_constval.vstring))
                     goto error;
                 break;
             default:
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "TODO: global constant type %i", self->m_vtype);
+                compile_error(m_context, "TODO: global constant type %i", m_vtype);
                 break;
         }
     }
 
-    /* link us to the ir_value */
-    v->m_cvq = self->m_cvq;
-    self->m_ir_v = v;
+    // link us to the ir_value
+    v->m_cvq = m_cvq;
+    m_ir_v = v;
 
-    if (!ast_generate_accessors(self, func->m_owner))
+    if (!generateAccessors(func->m_owner))
         return false;
     return true;
 
@@ -1534,172 +1418,164 @@ error: /* clean up */
     return false;
 }
 
-bool ast_generate_accessors(ast_value *self, ir_builder *ir)
+bool ast_value::generateAccessors(ir_builder *ir)
 {
     size_t i;
     bool warn = OPTS_WARN(WARN_USED_UNINITIALIZED);
-    if (!self->m_setter || !self->m_getter)
+    if (!m_setter || !m_getter)
         return true;
-    for (i = 0; i < self->m_count; ++i) {
-        if (!self->m_ir_values) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: no array values generated for `%s`", self->m_name);
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!self->m_ir_values[i]) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: not all array values have been generated for `%s`", self->m_name);
+    if (m_count && m_ir_values.empty()) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: no array values generated for `%s`", m_name);
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < m_count; ++i) {
+        if (!m_ir_values[i]) {
+            compile_error(m_context, "internal error: not all array values have been generated for `%s`", m_name);
             return false;
         }
-        if (!self->m_ir_values[i]->m_life.empty()) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: function containing `%s` already generated", self->m_name);
+        if (!m_ir_values[i]->m_life.empty()) {
+            compile_error(m_context, "internal error: function containing `%s` already generated", m_name);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     opts_set(opts.warn, WARN_USED_UNINITIALIZED, false);
-    if (self->m_setter) {
-        if (!ast_global_codegen  (self->m_setter, ir, false) ||
-            !ast_function_codegen(self->m_setter->m_constval.vfunc, ir) ||
-            !ir_function_finalize(self->m_setter->m_constval.vfunc->m_ir_func))
+    if (m_setter) {
+        if (!m_setter->generateGlobal(ir, false) ||
+            !m_setter->m_constval.vfunc->generateFunction(ir) ||
+            !ir_function_finalize(m_setter->m_constval.vfunc->m_ir_func))
         {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: failed to generate setter for `%s`", self->m_name);
+            compile_error(m_context, "internal error: failed to generate setter for `%s`", m_name);
             opts_set(opts.warn, WARN_USED_UNINITIALIZED, warn);
             return false;
         }
     }
-    if (self->m_getter) {
-        if (!ast_global_codegen  (self->m_getter, ir, false) ||
-            !ast_function_codegen(self->m_getter->m_constval.vfunc, ir) ||
-            !ir_function_finalize(self->m_getter->m_constval.vfunc->m_ir_func))
+    if (m_getter) {
+        if (!m_getter->generateGlobal(ir, false) ||
+            !m_getter->m_constval.vfunc->generateFunction(ir) ||
+            !ir_function_finalize(m_getter->m_constval.vfunc->m_ir_func))
         {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: failed to generate getter for `%s`", self->m_name);
+            compile_error(m_context, "internal error: failed to generate getter for `%s`", m_name);
             opts_set(opts.warn, WARN_USED_UNINITIALIZED, warn);
             return false;
         }
     }
-    for (i = 0; i < self->m_count; ++i)
-        self->m_ir_values[i]->m_life.clear();
+    for (i = 0; i < m_count; ++i)
+        m_ir_values[i]->m_life.clear();
     opts_set(opts.warn, WARN_USED_UNINITIALIZED, warn);
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_function_codegen(ast_function *self, ir_builder *ir)
+bool ast_function::generateFunction(ir_builder *ir)
 {
-    ir_function *irf;
-    ir_value    *dummy;
-    ast_expression         *ec;
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
-
     (void)ir;
 
-    irf = self->m_ir_func;
+    ir_value *dummy;
+
+    ir_function *irf = m_ir_func;
     if (!irf) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_function's related ast_value was not generated yet");
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_function's related ast_value was not generated yet");
         return false;
     }
 
     /* fill the parameter list */
-    ec = self->m_function_type;
-    for (auto &it : ec->m_type_params) {
+    for (auto &it : m_function_type->m_type_params) {
         if (it->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD)
             vec_push(irf->m_params, it->m_next->m_vtype);
         else
             vec_push(irf->m_params, it->m_vtype);
-        if (!self->m_builtin) {
-            if (!ast_local_codegen(it, self->m_ir_func, true))
+        if (!m_builtin) {
+            if (!it->generateLocal(m_ir_func, true))
                 return false;
         }
     }
 
-    if (self->m_varargs) {
-        if (!ast_local_codegen(self->m_varargs, self->m_ir_func, true))
+    if (m_varargs) {
+        if (!m_varargs->generateLocal(m_ir_func, true))
             return false;
-        irf->m_max_varargs = self->m_varargs->m_count;
+        irf->m_max_varargs = m_varargs->m_count;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_builtin) {
-        irf->m_builtin = self->m_builtin;
+    if (m_builtin) {
+        irf->m_builtin = m_builtin;
         return true;
     }
 
     /* have a local return value variable? */
-    if (self->m_return_value) {
-        if (!ast_local_codegen(self->m_return_value, self->m_ir_func, false))
+    if (m_return_value) {
+        if (!m_return_value->generateLocal(m_ir_func, false))
             return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_blocks.empty()) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "function `%s` has no body", self->m_name);
+    if (m_blocks.empty()) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "function `%s` has no body", m_name);
         return false;
     }
 
-    irf->m_first = self->m_curblock = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, irf, "entry");
-    if (!self->m_curblock) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "failed to allocate entry block for `%s`", self->m_name);
+    irf->m_first = m_curblock = ir_function_create_block(m_context, irf, "entry");
+    if (!m_curblock) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "failed to allocate entry block for `%s`", m_name);
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_argc) {
+    if (m_argc) {
         ir_value *va_count;
         ir_value *fixed;
         ir_value *sub;
-        if (!ast_local_codegen(self->m_argc, self->m_ir_func, true))
+        if (!m_argc->generateLocal(m_ir_func, true))
             return false;
-        cgen = self->m_argc->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_argc), self, false, &va_count))
+        if (!m_argc->codegen(this, false, &va_count))
             return false;
-        cgen = self->m_fixedparams->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_fixedparams), self, false, &fixed))
+        if (!m_fixedparams->codegen(this, false, &fixed))
             return false;
-        sub = ir_block_create_binop(self->m_curblock, self->m_context,
-                                    ast_function_label(self, "va_count"), INSTR_SUB_F,
+        sub = ir_block_create_binop(m_curblock, m_context,
+                                    makeLabel("va_count"), INSTR_SUB_F,
                                     ir_builder_get_va_count(ir), fixed);
         if (!sub)
             return false;
-        if (!ir_block_create_store_op(self->m_curblock, self->m_context, INSTR_STORE_F,
+        if (!ir_block_create_store_op(m_curblock, m_context, INSTR_STORE_F,
                                       va_count, sub))
         {
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    for (auto &it : self->m_blocks) {
-        cgen = it->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)(it.get(), self, false, &dummy))
-            return false;
+    for (auto &it : m_blocks) {
+        if (!it->codegen(this, false, &dummy))
+          return false;
     }
 
     /* TODO: check return types */
-    if (!self->m_curblock->m_final)
+    if (!m_curblock->m_final)
     {
-        if (!self->m_function_type->m_next ||
-            self->m_function_type->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VOID)
+        if (!m_function_type->m_next ||
+            m_function_type->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VOID)
         {
-            return ir_block_create_return(self->m_curblock, self->m_context, nullptr);
+            return ir_block_create_return(m_curblock, m_context, nullptr);
         }
-        else if (vec_size(self->m_curblock->m_entries) || self->m_curblock == irf->m_first)
+        else if (vec_size(m_curblock->m_entries) || m_curblock == irf->m_first)
         {
-            if (self->m_return_value) {
-                cgen = self->m_return_value->m_codegen;
-                if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_return_value), self, false, &dummy))
+            if (m_return_value) {
+                if (!m_return_value->codegen(this, false, &dummy))
                     return false;
-                return ir_block_create_return(self->m_curblock, self->m_context, dummy);
+                return ir_block_create_return(m_curblock, m_context, dummy);
             }
-            else if (compile_warning(self->m_context, WARN_MISSING_RETURN_VALUES,
+            else if (compile_warning(m_context, WARN_MISSING_RETURN_VALUES,
                                 "control reaches end of non-void function (`%s`) via %s",
-                                self->m_name, self->m_curblock->m_label.c_str()))
+                                m_name.c_str(), m_curblock->m_label.c_str()))
             {
                 return false;
             }
-            return ir_block_create_return(self->m_curblock, self->m_context, nullptr);
+            return ir_block_create_return(m_curblock, m_context, nullptr);
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool starts_a_label(ast_expression *ex)
+static bool starts_a_label(const ast_expression *ex)
 {
     while (ex && ast_istype(ex, ast_block)) {
-        ast_block *b = (ast_block*)ex;
+        auto b = reinterpret_cast<const ast_block*>(ex);
         ex = b->m_exprs[0];
     }
     if (!ex)
@@ -1713,19 +1589,19 @@ static bool starts_a_label(ast_expression *ex)
  * curly braces {...}.
  * While in the IR it represents a block in terms of control-flow.
  */
-bool ast_block_codegen(ast_block *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_block::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
     /* We don't use this
      * Note: an ast-representation using the comma-operator
      * of the form: (a, b, c) = x should not assign to c...
      */
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "not an l-value (code-block)");
+        compile_error(m_context, "not an l-value (code-block)");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -1738,55 +1614,51 @@ bool ast_block_codegen(ast_block *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_valu
     *out = nullptr;
 
     /* generate locals */
-    for (auto &it : self->m_locals) {
-        if (!ast_local_codegen(it, func->m_ir_func, false)) {
+    for (auto &it : m_locals) {
+        if (!it->generateLocal(func->m_ir_func, false)) {
             if (OPTS_OPTION_BOOL(OPTION_DEBUG))
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "failed to generate local `%s`", it->m_name);
+                compile_error(m_context, "failed to generate local `%s`", it->m_name);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    for (auto &it : self->m_exprs) {
-        ast_expression_codegen *gen;
+    for (auto &it : m_exprs) {
         if (func->m_curblock->m_final && !starts_a_label(it)) {
             if (compile_warning(it->m_context, WARN_UNREACHABLE_CODE, "unreachable statement"))
                 return false;
             continue;
         }
-        gen = it->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*gen)(it, func, false, out))
+        if (!it->codegen(func, false, out))
             return false;
     }
 
-    self->m_outr = *out;
+    m_outr = *out;
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_store_codegen(ast_store *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_store::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
     ir_value *left  = nullptr;
     ir_value *right = nullptr;
 
-    ast_value       *arr;
     ast_value       *idx = 0;
     ast_array_index *ai = nullptr;
 
-    if (lvalue && self->m_outl) {
-        *out = self->m_outl;
+    if (lvalue && m_outl) {
+        *out = m_outl;
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (!lvalue && self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (!lvalue && m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (ast_istype(self->m_dest, ast_array_index))
+    if (ast_istype(m_dest, ast_array_index))
     {
 
-        ai = (ast_array_index*)self->m_dest;
+        ai = (ast_array_index*)m_dest;
         idx = (ast_value*)ai->m_index;
 
         if (ast_istype(ai->m_index, ast_value) && idx->m_hasvalue && idx->m_cvq == CV_CONST)
@@ -1799,53 +1671,48 @@ bool ast_store_codegen(ast_store *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_valu
         ir_instr  *call;
 
         if (lvalue) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "array-subscript assignment cannot produce lvalues");
+            compile_error(m_context, "array-subscript assignment cannot produce lvalues");
             return false;
         }
 
-        arr = (ast_value*)ai->m_array;
+        auto arr = reinterpret_cast<ast_value*>(ai->m_array);
         if (!ast_istype(ai->m_array, ast_value) || !arr->m_setter) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "value has no setter (%s)", arr->m_name);
+            compile_error(m_context, "value has no setter (%s)", arr->m_name);
             return false;
         }
 
-        cgen = idx->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(idx), func, false, &iridx))
+        if (!idx->codegen(func, false, &iridx))
             return false;
 
-        cgen = arr->m_setter->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(arr->m_setter), func, true, &funval))
+        if (!arr->m_setter->codegen(func, true, &funval))
             return false;
 
-        cgen = self->m_source->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_source), func, false, &right))
+        if (!m_source->codegen(func, false, &right))
             return false;
 
-        call = ir_block_create_call(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "store"), funval, false);
+        call = ir_block_create_call(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("store"), funval, false);
         if (!call)
             return false;
         ir_call_param(call, iridx);
         ir_call_param(call, right);
-        self->m_outr = right;
+        m_outr = right;
     }
     else
     {
-        /* regular code */
+        // regular code
 
-        cgen = self->m_dest->m_codegen;
-        /* lvalue! */
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_dest), func, true, &left))
+        // lvalue!
+        if (!m_dest->codegen(func, true, &left))
             return false;
-        self->m_outl = left;
+        m_outl = left;
 
-        cgen = self->m_source->m_codegen;
         /* rvalue! */
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_source), func, false, &right))
+        if (!m_source->codegen(func, false, &right))
             return false;
 
-        if (!ir_block_create_store_op(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, self->m_op, left, right))
+        if (!ir_block_create_store_op(func->m_curblock, m_context, m_op, left, right))
             return false;
-        self->m_outr = right;
+        m_outr = right;
     }
 
     /* Theoretically, an assinment returns its left side as an
@@ -1860,24 +1727,23 @@ bool ast_store_codegen(ast_store *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_valu
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_binary_codegen(ast_binary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_binary::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
     ir_value *left, *right;
 
     /* A binary operation cannot yield an l-value */
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "not an l-value (binop)");
+        compile_error(m_context, "not an l-value (binop)");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
 
     if ((OPTS_FLAG(SHORT_LOGIC) || OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC)) &&
-        (self->m_op == INSTR_AND || self->m_op == INSTR_OR))
+        (m_op == INSTR_AND || m_op == INSTR_OR))
     {
         /* NOTE: The short-logic path will ignore right_first */
 
@@ -1889,24 +1755,23 @@ bool ast_binary_codegen(ast_binary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
 
         /* prepare end-block */
         merge_id = func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.size();
-        merge    = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "sce_merge"));
+        merge    = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("sce_merge"));
 
         /* generate the left expression */
-        cgen = self->m_left->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_left), func, false, &left))
+        if (!m_left->codegen(func, false, &left))
             return false;
         /* remember the block */
         from_left = func->m_curblock;
 
         /* create a new block for the right expression */
-        other = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "sce_other"));
-        if (self->m_op == INSTR_AND) {
+        other = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("sce_other"));
+        if (m_op == INSTR_AND) {
             /* on AND: left==true -> other */
-            if (!ir_block_create_if(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, left, other, merge))
+            if (!ir_block_create_if(func->m_curblock, m_context, left, other, merge))
                 return false;
         } else {
             /* on OR: left==false -> other */
-            if (!ir_block_create_if(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, left, merge, other))
+            if (!ir_block_create_if(func->m_curblock, m_context, left, merge, other))
                 return false;
         }
         /* use the likely flag */
@@ -1915,14 +1780,13 @@ bool ast_binary_codegen(ast_binary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
         /* enter the right-expression's block */
         func->m_curblock = other;
         /* generate */
-        cgen = self->m_right->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_right), func, false, &right))
+        if (!m_right->codegen(func, false, &right))
             return false;
         /* remember block */
         from_right = func->m_curblock;
 
         /* jump to the merge block */
-        if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, merge))
+        if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, m_context, merge))
             return false;
 
         algo::shiftback(func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.begin() + merge_id,
@@ -1933,9 +1797,9 @@ bool ast_binary_codegen(ast_binary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
         //func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.emplace_back(merge);
 
         func->m_curblock = merge;
-        phi = ir_block_create_phi(func->m_curblock, self->m_context,
-                                  ast_function_label(func, "sce_value"),
-                                  self->m_vtype);
+        phi = ir_block_create_phi(func->m_curblock, m_context,
+                                  func->makeLabel("sce_value"),
+                                  m_vtype);
         ir_phi_add(phi, from_left, left);
         ir_phi_add(phi, from_right, right);
         *out = ir_phi_value(phi);
@@ -1945,72 +1809,67 @@ bool ast_binary_codegen(ast_binary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
         if (!OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC)) {
             /* cast-to-bool */
             if (OPTS_FLAG(CORRECT_LOGIC) && (*out)->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
-                *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, self->m_context,
-                                             ast_function_label(func, "sce_bool_v"),
+                *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, m_context,
+                                             func->makeLabel("sce_bool_v"),
                                              INSTR_NOT_V, *out);
                 if (!*out)
                     return false;
-                *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, self->m_context,
-                                             ast_function_label(func, "sce_bool"),
+                *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, m_context,
+                                             func->makeLabel("sce_bool"),
                                              INSTR_NOT_F, *out);
                 if (!*out)
                     return false;
             }
             else if (OPTS_FLAG(FALSE_EMPTY_STRINGS) && (*out)->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING) {
-                *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, self->m_context,
-                                             ast_function_label(func, "sce_bool_s"),
+                *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, m_context,
+                                             func->makeLabel("sce_bool_s"),
                                              INSTR_NOT_S, *out);
                 if (!*out)
                     return false;
-                *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, self->m_context,
-                                             ast_function_label(func, "sce_bool"),
+                *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, m_context,
+                                             func->makeLabel("sce_bool"),
                                              INSTR_NOT_F, *out);
                 if (!*out)
                     return false;
             }
             else {
-                *out = ir_block_create_binop(func->m_curblock, self->m_context,
-                                             ast_function_label(func, "sce_bool"),
+                *out = ir_block_create_binop(func->m_curblock, m_context,
+                                             func->makeLabel("sce_bool"),
                                              INSTR_AND, *out, *out);
                 if (!*out)
                     return false;
             }
         }
 
-        self->m_outr = *out;
-        codegen_output_type(self, *out);
+        m_outr = *out;
+        codegen_output_type(this, *out);
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_right_first) {
-        cgen = self->m_right->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_right), func, false, &right))
+    if (m_right_first) {
+        if (!m_right->codegen(func, false, &right))
             return false;
-        cgen = self->m_left->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_left), func, false, &left))
+        if (!m_left->codegen(func, false, &left))
             return false;
     } else {
-        cgen = self->m_left->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_left), func, false, &left))
+        if (!m_left->codegen(func, false, &left))
             return false;
-        cgen = self->m_right->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_right), func, false, &right))
+        if (!m_right->codegen(func, false, &right))
             return false;
     }
 
-    *out = ir_block_create_binop(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "bin"),
-                                 self->m_op, left, right);
+    *out = ir_block_create_binop(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("bin"),
+                                 m_op, left, right);
     if (!*out)
         return false;
-    self->m_outr = *out;
-    codegen_output_type(self, *out);
+    m_outr = *out;
+    codegen_output_type(this, *out);
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_binstore_codegen(ast_binstore *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_binstore::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
     ir_value *leftl = nullptr, *leftr, *right, *bin;
 
     ast_value       *arr;
@@ -2018,20 +1877,20 @@ bool ast_binstore_codegen(ast_binstore *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, i
     ast_array_index *ai = nullptr;
     ir_value        *iridx = nullptr;
 
-    if (lvalue && self->m_outl) {
-        *out = self->m_outl;
+    if (lvalue && m_outl) {
+        *out = m_outl;
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (!lvalue && self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (!lvalue && m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (ast_istype(self->m_dest, ast_array_index))
+    if (ast_istype(m_dest, ast_array_index))
     {
 
-        ai = (ast_array_index*)self->m_dest;
+        ai = (ast_array_index*)m_dest;
         idx = (ast_value*)ai->m_index;
 
         if (ast_istype(ai->m_index, ast_value) && idx->m_hasvalue && idx->m_cvq == CV_CONST)
@@ -2041,23 +1900,20 @@ bool ast_binstore_codegen(ast_binstore *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, i
     /* for a binstore we need both an lvalue and an rvalue for the left side */
     /* rvalue of destination! */
     if (ai) {
-        cgen = idx->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(idx), func, false, &iridx))
+        if (!idx->codegen(func, false, &iridx))
             return false;
     }
-    cgen = self->m_dest->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_dest), func, false, &leftr))
+    if (!m_dest->codegen(func, false, &leftr))
         return false;
 
     /* source as rvalue only */
-    cgen = self->m_source->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_source), func, false, &right))
+    if (!m_source->codegen(func, false, &right))
         return false;
 
     /* now the binary */
-    bin = ir_block_create_binop(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "binst"),
-                                self->m_opbin, leftr, right);
-    self->m_outr = bin;
+    bin = ir_block_create_binop(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("binst"),
+                                m_opbin, leftr, right);
+    m_outr = bin;
 
     if (ai) {
         /* we need to call the setter */
@@ -2065,37 +1921,35 @@ bool ast_binstore_codegen(ast_binstore *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, i
         ir_instr  *call;
 
         if (lvalue) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "array-subscript assignment cannot produce lvalues");
+            compile_error(m_context, "array-subscript assignment cannot produce lvalues");
             return false;
         }
 
         arr = (ast_value*)ai->m_array;
         if (!ast_istype(ai->m_array, ast_value) || !arr->m_setter) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "value has no setter (%s)", arr->m_name);
+            compile_error(m_context, "value has no setter (%s)", arr->m_name);
             return false;
         }
 
-        cgen = arr->m_setter->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(arr->m_setter), func, true, &funval))
+        if (!arr->m_setter->codegen(func, true, &funval))
             return false;
 
-        call = ir_block_create_call(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "store"), funval, false);
+        call = ir_block_create_call(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("store"), funval, false);
         if (!call)
             return false;
         ir_call_param(call, iridx);
         ir_call_param(call, bin);
-        self->m_outr = bin;
+        m_outr = bin;
     } else {
-        /* now store them */
-        cgen = self->m_dest->m_codegen;
-        /* lvalue of destination */
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_dest), func, true, &leftl))
+        // now store them
+        // lvalue of destination
+        if (!m_dest->codegen(func, true, &leftl))
             return false;
-        self->m_outl = leftl;
+        m_outl = leftl;
 
-        if (!ir_block_create_store_op(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, self->m_opstore, leftl, bin))
+        if (!ir_block_create_store_op(func->m_curblock, m_context, m_opstore, leftl, bin))
             return false;
-        self->m_outr = bin;
+        m_outr = bin;
     }
 
     /* Theoretically, an assinment returns its left side as an
@@ -2110,39 +1964,36 @@ bool ast_binstore_codegen(ast_binstore *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, i
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_unary_codegen(ast_unary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_unary::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
     ir_value *operand;
 
     /* An unary operation cannot yield an l-value */
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "not an l-value (binop)");
+        compile_error(m_context, "not an l-value (binop)");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
 
-    cgen = self->m_operand->m_codegen;
     /* lvalue! */
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_operand), func, false, &operand))
+    if (!m_operand->codegen(func, false, &operand))
         return false;
 
-    *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "unary"),
-                                 self->m_op, operand);
+    *out = ir_block_create_unary(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("unary"),
+                                 m_op, operand);
     if (!*out)
         return false;
-    self->m_outr = *out;
+    m_outr = *out;
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_return_codegen(ast_return *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_return::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
     ir_value *operand;
 
     *out = nullptr;
@@ -2151,136 +2002,129 @@ bool ast_return_codegen(ast_return *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
      * anything...
      */
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "return-expression is not an l-value");
+        compile_error(m_context, "return-expression is not an l-value");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_return cannot be reused, it bears no result!");
+    if (m_outr) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_return cannot be reused, it bears no result!");
         return false;
     }
-    self->m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
+    m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
 
-    if (self->m_operand) {
-        cgen = self->m_operand->m_codegen;
+    if (m_operand) {
         /* lvalue! */
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_operand), func, false, &operand))
+        if (!m_operand->codegen(func, false, &operand))
             return false;
 
-        if (!ir_block_create_return(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, operand))
+        if (!ir_block_create_return(func->m_curblock, m_context, operand))
             return false;
     } else {
-        if (!ir_block_create_return(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, nullptr))
+        if (!ir_block_create_return(func->m_curblock, m_context, nullptr))
             return false;
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_entfield_codegen(ast_entfield *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_entfield::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
     ir_value *ent, *field;
 
-    /* This function needs to take the 'lvalue' flag into account!
-     * As lvalue we provide a field-pointer, as rvalue we provide the
-     * value in a temp.
-     */
+    // This function needs to take the 'lvalue' flag into account!
+    // As lvalue we provide a field-pointer, as rvalue we provide the
+    // value in a temp.
 
-    if (lvalue && self->m_outl) {
-        *out = self->m_outl;
+    if (lvalue && m_outl) {
+        *out = m_outl;
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (!lvalue && self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (!lvalue && m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
 
-    cgen = self->m_entity->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_entity), func, false, &ent))
+    if (!m_entity->codegen(func, false, &ent))
         return false;
 
-    cgen = self->m_field->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_field), func, false, &field))
+    if (!m_field->codegen(func, false, &field))
         return false;
 
     if (lvalue) {
         /* address! */
-        *out = ir_block_create_fieldaddress(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "efa"),
+        *out = ir_block_create_fieldaddress(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("efa"),
                                             ent, field);
     } else {
-        *out = ir_block_create_load_from_ent(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "efv"),
-                                             ent, field, self->m_vtype);
+        *out = ir_block_create_load_from_ent(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("efv"),
+                                             ent, field, m_vtype);
         /* Done AFTER error checking:
-        codegen_output_type(self, *out);
+        codegen_output_type(this, *out);
         */
     }
     if (!*out) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "failed to create %s instruction (output type %s)",
+        compile_error(m_context, "failed to create %s instruction (output type %s)",
                  (lvalue ? "ADDRESS" : "FIELD"),
-                 type_name[self->m_vtype]);
+                 type_name[m_vtype]);
         return false;
     }
     if (!lvalue)
-        codegen_output_type(self, *out);
+        codegen_output_type(this, *out);
 
     if (lvalue)
-        self->m_outl = *out;
+        m_outl = *out;
     else
-        self->m_outr = *out;
+        m_outr = *out;
 
-    /* Hm that should be it... */
+    // Hm that should be it...
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_member_codegen(ast_member *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_member::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
     ir_value *vec;
 
     /* in QC this is always an lvalue */
-    if (lvalue && self->m_rvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "not an l-value (member access)");
+    if (lvalue && m_rvalue) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "not an l-value (member access)");
         return false;
     }
-    if (self->m_outl) {
-        *out = self->m_outl;
+    if (m_outl) {
+        *out = m_outl;
         return true;
     }
 
-    cgen = self->m_owner->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_owner), func, false, &vec))
+    if (!m_owner->codegen(func, false, &vec))
         return false;
 
     if (vec->m_vtype != TYPE_VECTOR &&
-        !(vec->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && self->m_owner->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR))
+        !(vec->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && m_owner->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR))
     {
         return false;
     }
 
-    *out = ir_value_vector_member(vec, self->m_field);
-    self->m_outl = *out;
+    *out = ir_value_vector_member(vec, m_field);
+    m_outl = *out;
 
     return (*out != nullptr);
 }
 
-bool ast_array_index_codegen(ast_array_index *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_array_index::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
     ast_value *arr;
     ast_value *idx;
 
-    if (!lvalue && self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (!lvalue && m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
-    if (lvalue && self->m_outl) {
-        *out = self->m_outl;
+    if (lvalue && m_outl) {
+        *out = m_outl;
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (!ast_istype(self->m_array, ast_value)) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "array indexing this way is not supported");
+    if (!ast_istype(m_array, ast_value)) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "array indexing this way is not supported");
         /* note this would actually be pointer indexing because the left side is
          * not an actual array but (hopefully) an indexable expression.
          * Once we get integer arithmetic, and GADDRESS/GSTORE/GLOAD instruction
@@ -2289,89 +2133,84 @@ bool ast_array_index_codegen(ast_array_index *self, ast_function *func, bool lva
         return false;
     }
 
-    arr = (ast_value*)self->m_array;
-    idx = (ast_value*)self->m_index;
+    arr = reinterpret_cast<ast_value*>(m_array);
+    idx = reinterpret_cast<ast_value*>(m_index);
 
-    if (!ast_istype(self->m_index, ast_value) || !idx->m_hasvalue || idx->m_cvq != CV_CONST) {
+    if (!ast_istype(m_index, ast_value) || !idx->m_hasvalue || idx->m_cvq != CV_CONST) {
         /* Time to use accessor functions */
-        ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
         ir_value               *iridx, *funval;
         ir_instr               *call;
 
         if (lvalue) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "(.2) array indexing here needs a compile-time constant");
+            compile_error(m_context, "(.2) array indexing here needs a compile-time constant");
             return false;
         }
 
         if (!arr->m_getter) {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "value has no getter, don't know how to index it");
+            compile_error(m_context, "value has no getter, don't know how to index it");
             return false;
         }
 
-        cgen = self->m_index->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_index), func, false, &iridx))
+        if (!m_index->codegen(func, false, &iridx))
             return false;
 
-        cgen = arr->m_getter->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(arr->m_getter), func, true, &funval))
+        if (!arr->m_getter->codegen(func, true, &funval))
             return false;
 
-        call = ir_block_create_call(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "fetch"), funval, false);
+        call = ir_block_create_call(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("fetch"), funval, false);
         if (!call)
             return false;
         ir_call_param(call, iridx);
 
         *out = ir_call_value(call);
-        self->m_outr = *out;
-        (*out)->m_vtype = self->m_vtype;
-        codegen_output_type(self, *out);
+        m_outr = *out;
+        (*out)->m_vtype = m_vtype;
+        codegen_output_type(this, *out);
         return true;
     }
 
     if (idx->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) {
         unsigned int arridx = idx->m_constval.vfloat;
-        if (arridx >= self->m_array->m_count)
+        if (arridx >= m_array->m_count)
         {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "array index out of bounds: %i", arridx);
+            compile_error(m_context, "array index out of bounds: %i", arridx);
             return false;
         }
         *out = arr->m_ir_values[arridx];
     }
     else if (idx->m_vtype == TYPE_INTEGER) {
         unsigned int arridx = idx->m_constval.vint;
-        if (arridx >= self->m_array->m_count)
+        if (arridx >= m_array->m_count)
         {
-            compile_error(self->m_context, "array index out of bounds: %i", arridx);
+            compile_error(m_context, "array index out of bounds: %i", arridx);
             return false;
         }
         *out = arr->m_ir_values[arridx];
     }
     else {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "array indexing here needs an integer constant");
+        compile_error(m_context, "array indexing here needs an integer constant");
         return false;
     }
-    (*out)->m_vtype = self->m_vtype;
-    codegen_output_type(self, *out);
+    (*out)->m_vtype = m_vtype;
+    codegen_output_type(this, *out);
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_argpipe_codegen(ast_argpipe *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_argpipe::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
     *out = nullptr;
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "argpipe node: not an lvalue");
+        compile_error(m_context, "argpipe node: not an lvalue");
         return false;
     }
     (void)func;
     (void)out;
-    compile_error(self->m_context, "TODO: argpipe codegen not implemented");
+    compile_error(m_context, "TODO: argpipe codegen not implemented");
     return false;
 }
 
-bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_ifthen::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
-
     ir_value *condval;
     ir_value *dummy;
 
@@ -2387,26 +2226,25 @@ bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
     (void)out;
     (void)lvalue;
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_ifthen cannot be reused, it bears no result!");
+    if (m_outr) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_ifthen cannot be reused, it bears no result!");
         return false;
     }
-    self->m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
+    m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
 
     /* generate the condition */
-    cgen = self->m_cond->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_cond), func, false, &condval))
+    if (!m_cond->codegen(func, false, &condval))
         return false;
     /* update the block which will get the jump - because short-logic or ternaries may have changed this */
     cond = func->m_curblock;
 
     /* try constant folding away the condition */
-    if ((folded = fold::cond_ifthen(condval, func, self)) != -1)
+    if ((folded = fold::cond_ifthen(condval, func, this)) != -1)
         return folded;
 
-    if (self->m_on_true) {
+    if (m_on_true) {
         /* create on-true block */
-        ontrue = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "ontrue"));
+        ontrue = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("ontrue"));
         if (!ontrue)
             return false;
 
@@ -2414,8 +2252,7 @@ bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
         func->m_curblock = ontrue;
 
         /* generate */
-        cgen = self->m_on_true->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_on_true), func, false, &dummy))
+        if (!m_on_true->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
             return false;
 
         /* we now need to work from the current endpoint */
@@ -2424,9 +2261,9 @@ bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
         ontrue = nullptr;
 
     /* on-false path */
-    if (self->m_on_false) {
+    if (m_on_false) {
         /* create on-false block */
-        onfalse = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "onfalse"));
+        onfalse = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("onfalse"));
         if (!onfalse)
             return false;
 
@@ -2434,8 +2271,7 @@ bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
         func->m_curblock = onfalse;
 
         /* generate */
-        cgen = self->m_on_false->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_on_false), func, false, &dummy))
+        if (!m_on_false->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
             return false;
 
         /* we now need to work from the current endpoint */
@@ -2446,13 +2282,13 @@ bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
     /* Merge block were they all merge in to */
     if (!ontrue || !onfalse || !ontrue_endblock->m_final || !onfalse_endblock->m_final)
     {
-        merge = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "endif"));
+        merge = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("endif"));
         if (!merge)
             return false;
         /* add jumps ot the merge block */
-        if (ontrue && !ontrue_endblock->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(ontrue_endblock, self->m_context, merge))
+        if (ontrue && !ontrue_endblock->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(ontrue_endblock, m_context, merge))
             return false;
-        if (onfalse && !onfalse_endblock->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(onfalse_endblock, self->m_context, merge))
+        if (onfalse && !onfalse_endblock->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(onfalse_endblock, m_context, merge))
             return false;
 
         /* Now enter the merge block */
@@ -2461,7 +2297,7 @@ bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
 
     /* we create the if here, that way all blocks are ordered :)
      */
-    if (!ir_block_create_if(cond, self->m_context, condval,
+    if (!ir_block_create_if(cond, m_context, condval,
                             (ontrue  ? ontrue  : merge),
                             (onfalse ? onfalse : merge)))
     {
@@ -2471,10 +2307,8 @@ bool ast_ifthen_codegen(ast_ifthen *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_ternary_codegen(ast_ternary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_ternary::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
-
     ir_value *condval;
     ir_value *trueval, *falseval;
     ir_instr *phi;
@@ -2495,8 +2329,8 @@ bool ast_ternary_codegen(ast_ternary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_
      * may still happen, thus we remember a created ir_value and simply return one
      * if it already exists.
      */
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -2504,17 +2338,16 @@ bool ast_ternary_codegen(ast_ternary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_
 
     /* generate the condition */
     func->m_curblock = cond;
-    cgen = self->m_cond->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_cond), func, false, &condval))
+    if (!m_cond->codegen(func, false, &condval))
         return false;
     cond_out = func->m_curblock;
 
     /* try constant folding away the condition */
-    if ((folded = fold::cond_ternary(condval, func, self)) != -1)
+    if ((folded = fold::cond_ternary(condval, func, this)) != -1)
         return folded;
 
     /* create on-true block */
-    ontrue = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "tern_T"));
+    ontrue = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("tern_T"));
     if (!ontrue)
         return false;
     else
@@ -2523,15 +2356,14 @@ bool ast_ternary_codegen(ast_ternary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_
         func->m_curblock = ontrue;
 
         /* generate */
-        cgen = self->m_on_true->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_on_true), func, false, &trueval))
+        if (!m_on_true->codegen(func, false, &trueval))
             return false;
 
         ontrue_out = func->m_curblock;
     }
 
     /* create on-false block */
-    onfalse = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "tern_F"));
+    onfalse = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("tern_F"));
     if (!onfalse)
         return false;
     else
@@ -2540,25 +2372,24 @@ bool ast_ternary_codegen(ast_ternary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_
         func->m_curblock = onfalse;
 
         /* generate */
-        cgen = self->m_on_false->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_on_false), func, false, &falseval))
+        if (!m_on_false->codegen(func, false, &falseval))
             return false;
 
         onfalse_out = func->m_curblock;
     }
 
     /* create merge block */
-    merge = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "tern_out"));
+    merge = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("tern_out"));
     if (!merge)
         return false;
     /* jump to merge block */
-    if (!ir_block_create_jump(ontrue_out, self->m_context, merge))
+    if (!ir_block_create_jump(ontrue_out, m_context, merge))
         return false;
-    if (!ir_block_create_jump(onfalse_out, self->m_context, merge))
+    if (!ir_block_create_jump(onfalse_out, m_context, merge))
         return false;
 
     /* create if instruction */
-    if (!ir_block_create_if(cond_out, self->m_context, condval, ontrue, onfalse))
+    if (!ir_block_create_if(cond_out, m_context, condval, ontrue, onfalse))
         return false;
 
     /* Now enter the merge block */
@@ -2569,31 +2400,29 @@ bool ast_ternary_codegen(ast_ternary *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_
      */
     if (trueval->m_vtype != falseval->m_vtype && trueval->m_vtype != TYPE_NIL && falseval->m_vtype != TYPE_NIL) {
         /* error("ternary with different types on the two sides"); */
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ternary operand types invalid");
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ternary operand types invalid");
         return false;
     }
 
     /* create PHI */
-    phi = ir_block_create_phi(merge, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "phi"), self->m_vtype);
+    phi = ir_block_create_phi(merge, m_context, func->makeLabel("phi"), m_vtype);
     if (!phi) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: failed to generate phi node");
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: failed to generate phi node");
         return false;
     }
     ir_phi_add(phi, ontrue_out,  trueval);
     ir_phi_add(phi, onfalse_out, falseval);
 
-    self->m_outr = ir_phi_value(phi);
-    *out = self->m_outr;
+    m_outr = ir_phi_value(phi);
+    *out = m_outr;
 
-    codegen_output_type(self, *out);
+    codegen_output_type(this, *out);
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_loop::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
-
     ir_value *dummy      = nullptr;
     ir_value *precond    = nullptr;
     ir_value *postcond   = nullptr;
@@ -2620,11 +2449,11 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     (void)lvalue;
     (void)out;
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_loop cannot be reused, it bears no result!");
+    if (m_outr) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_loop cannot be reused, it bears no result!");
         return false;
     }
-    self->m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
+    m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
 
     /* NOTE:
      * Should we ever need some kind of block ordering, better make this function
@@ -2635,10 +2464,9 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     /* initexpr doesn't get its own block, it's pointless, it could create more blocks
      * anyway if for example it contains a ternary.
      */
-    if (self->m_initexpr)
+    if (m_initexpr)
     {
-        cgen = self->m_initexpr->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_initexpr), func, false, &dummy))
+        if (!m_initexpr->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
             return false;
     }
 
@@ -2648,9 +2476,9 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     /* The pre-loop condition needs its own block since we
      * need to be able to jump to the start of that expression.
      */
-    if (self->m_precond)
+    if (m_precond)
     {
-        bprecond = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "pre_loop_cond"));
+        bprecond = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("pre_loop_cond"));
         if (!bprecond)
             return false;
 
@@ -2661,8 +2489,7 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
         func->m_curblock = bprecond;
 
         /* generate */
-        cgen = self->m_precond->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_precond), func, false, &precond))
+        if (!m_precond->codegen(func, false, &precond))
             return false;
 
         end_bprecond = func->m_curblock;
@@ -2673,8 +2500,8 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     /* Now the next blocks won't be ordered nicely, but we need to
      * generate them this early for 'break' and 'continue'.
      */
-    if (self->m_increment) {
-        bincrement = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "loop_increment"));
+    if (m_increment) {
+        bincrement = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("loop_increment"));
         if (!bincrement)
             return false;
         bcontinue = bincrement; /* increment comes before the pre-loop-condition */
@@ -2682,8 +2509,8 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
         bincrement = end_bincrement = nullptr;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_postcond) {
-        bpostcond = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "post_loop_cond"));
+    if (m_postcond) {
+        bpostcond = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("post_loop_cond"));
         if (!bpostcond)
             return false;
         bcontinue = bpostcond; /* postcond comes before the increment */
@@ -2692,15 +2519,15 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     }
 
     bout_id = func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.size();
-    bout = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "after_loop"));
+    bout = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("after_loop"));
     if (!bout)
         return false;
     bbreak = bout;
 
     /* The loop body... */
-    /* if (self->m_body) */
+    /* if (m_body) */
     {
-        bbody = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "loop_body"));
+        bbody = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("loop_body"));
         if (!bbody)
             return false;
 
@@ -2714,9 +2541,8 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
             func->m_continueblocks.push_back(bbody);
 
         /* generate */
-        if (self->m_body) {
-            cgen = self->m_body->m_codegen;
-            if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_body), func, false, &dummy))
+        if (m_body) {
+            if (!m_body->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
                 return false;
         }
 
@@ -2726,28 +2552,26 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     }
 
     /* post-loop-condition */
-    if (self->m_postcond)
+    if (m_postcond)
     {
         /* enter */
         func->m_curblock = bpostcond;
 
         /* generate */
-        cgen = self->m_postcond->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_postcond), func, false, &postcond))
+        if (!m_postcond->codegen(func, false, &postcond))
             return false;
 
         end_bpostcond = func->m_curblock;
     }
 
     /* The incrementor */
-    if (self->m_increment)
+    if (m_increment)
     {
         /* enter */
         func->m_curblock = bincrement;
 
         /* generate */
-        cgen = self->m_increment->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_increment), func, false, &dummy))
+        if (!m_increment->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
             return false;
 
         end_bincrement = func->m_curblock;
@@ -2766,7 +2590,7 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     else                 tmpblock = bout;
     */
 
-    if (!ir_block_create_jump(bin, self->m_context, tmpblock))
+    if (!ir_block_create_jump(bin, m_context, tmpblock))
         return false;
 
     /* From precond */
@@ -2781,12 +2605,12 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
         */
 
         onfalse = bout;
-        if (self->m_pre_not) {
+        if (m_pre_not) {
             tmpblock = ontrue;
             ontrue   = onfalse;
             onfalse  = tmpblock;
         }
-        if (!ir_block_create_if(end_bprecond, self->m_context, precond, ontrue, onfalse))
+        if (!ir_block_create_if(end_bprecond, m_context, precond, ontrue, onfalse))
             return false;
     }
 
@@ -2797,7 +2621,7 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
         else if (bpostcond)  tmpblock = bpostcond;
         else if (bprecond)   tmpblock = bprecond;
         else                 tmpblock = bbody;
-        if (!end_bbody->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(end_bbody, self->m_context, tmpblock))
+        if (!end_bbody->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(end_bbody, m_context, tmpblock))
             return false;
     }
 
@@ -2808,7 +2632,7 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
         else if (bprecond)   tmpblock = bprecond;
         else if (bbody)      tmpblock = bbody;
         else                 tmpblock = bout;
-        if (!ir_block_create_jump(end_bincrement, self->m_context, tmpblock))
+        if (!ir_block_create_jump(end_bincrement, m_context, tmpblock))
             return false;
     }
 
@@ -2825,12 +2649,12 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
         */
 
         onfalse = bout;
-        if (self->m_post_not) {
+        if (m_post_not) {
             tmpblock = ontrue;
             ontrue   = onfalse;
             onfalse  = tmpblock;
         }
-        if (!ir_block_create_if(end_bpostcond, self->m_context, postcond, ontrue, onfalse))
+        if (!ir_block_create_if(end_bpostcond, m_context, postcond, ontrue, onfalse))
             return false;
     }
 
@@ -2838,49 +2662,47 @@ bool ast_loop_codegen(ast_loop *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     algo::shiftback(func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.begin() + bout_id,
                     func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.end());
     // FIXME::DELME::
-    //func->m_ir_func->m_blocks[bout_id].release(); // it's a vector<unique_ptr<>>
+    //func->m_ir_func->m_blocks[bout_id].release(); // it's a vector<std::unique_ptr<>>
     //func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.erase(func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.begin() + bout_id);
     //func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.emplace_back(bout);
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_breakcont_codegen(ast_breakcont *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_breakcont::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
     ir_block *target;
 
     *out = nullptr;
 
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "break/continue expression is not an l-value");
+        compile_error(m_context, "break/continue expression is not an l-value");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_breakcont cannot be reused!");
+    if (m_outr) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_breakcont cannot be reused!");
         return false;
     }
-    self->m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
+    m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
 
-    if (self->m_is_continue)
-        target = func->m_continueblocks[func->m_continueblocks.size()-1-self->m_levels];
+    if (m_is_continue)
+        target = func->m_continueblocks[func->m_continueblocks.size()-1-m_levels];
     else
-        target = func->m_breakblocks[func->m_breakblocks.size()-1-self->m_levels];
+        target = func->m_breakblocks[func->m_breakblocks.size()-1-m_levels];
 
     if (!target) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "%s is lacking a target block", (self->m_is_continue ? "continue" : "break"));
+        compile_error(m_context, "%s is lacking a target block", (m_is_continue ? "continue" : "break"));
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, target))
+    if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, m_context, target))
         return false;
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_switch_codegen(ast_switch *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_switch::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
-
     ast_switch_case *def_case     = nullptr;
     ir_block        *def_bfall    = nullptr;
     ir_block        *def_bfall_to = nullptr;
@@ -2896,35 +2718,34 @@ bool ast_switch_codegen(ast_switch *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
     uint16_t  cmpinstr;
 
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "switch expression is not an l-value");
+        compile_error(m_context, "switch expression is not an l-value");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_switch cannot be reused!");
+    if (m_outr) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_switch cannot be reused!");
         return false;
     }
-    self->m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
+    m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
 
     (void)lvalue;
     (void)out;
 
-    cgen = self->m_operand->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_operand), func, false, &irop))
+    if (!m_operand->codegen(func, false, &irop))
         return false;
 
-    if (self->m_cases.empty())
+    if (m_cases.empty())
         return true;
 
     cmpinstr = type_eq_instr[irop->m_vtype];
     if (cmpinstr >= VINSTR_END) {
-        ast_type_to_string(self->m_operand, typestr, sizeof(typestr));
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "invalid type to perform a switch on: %s", typestr);
+        ast_type_to_string(m_operand, typestr, sizeof(typestr));
+        compile_error(m_context, "invalid type to perform a switch on: %s", typestr);
         return false;
     }
 
     bout_id = func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.size();
-    bout = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "after_switch"));
+    bout = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("after_switch"));
     if (!bout)
         return false;
 
@@ -2932,7 +2753,7 @@ bool ast_switch_codegen(ast_switch *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
     func->m_breakblocks.push_back(bout);
 
     /* Now create all cases */
-    for (auto &it : self->m_cases) {
+    for (auto &it : m_cases) {
         ir_value *cond, *val;
         ir_block *bcase, *bnot;
         size_t bnot_id;
@@ -2942,36 +2763,34 @@ bool ast_switch_codegen(ast_switch *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
         if (swcase->m_value) {
             /* A regular case */
             /* generate the condition operand */
-            cgen = swcase->m_value->m_codegen;
-            if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(swcase->m_value), func, false, &val))
+            if (!swcase->m_value->codegen(func, false, &val))
                 return false;
             /* generate the condition */
-            cond = ir_block_create_binop(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, ast_function_label(func, "switch_eq"), cmpinstr, irop, val);
+            cond = ir_block_create_binop(func->m_curblock, m_context, func->makeLabel("switch_eq"), cmpinstr, irop, val);
             if (!cond)
                 return false;
 
-            bcase = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "case"));
+            bcase = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("case"));
             bnot_id = func->m_ir_func->m_blocks.size();
-            bnot = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, "not_case"));
+            bnot = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel("not_case"));
             if (!bcase || !bnot)
                 return false;
             if (set_def_bfall_to) {
                 set_def_bfall_to = false;
                 def_bfall_to = bcase;
             }
-            if (!ir_block_create_if(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, cond, bcase, bnot))
+            if (!ir_block_create_if(func->m_curblock, m_context, cond, bcase, bnot))
                 return false;
 
             /* Make the previous case-end fall through */
             if (bfall && !bfall->m_final) {
-                if (!ir_block_create_jump(bfall, self->m_context, bcase))
+                if (!ir_block_create_jump(bfall, m_context, bcase))
                     return false;
             }
 
             /* enter the case */
             func->m_curblock = bcase;
-            cgen = swcase->m_code->m_codegen;
-            if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)swcase->m_code, func, false, &dummy))
+            if (!swcase->m_code->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
                 return false;
 
             /* remember this block to fall through from */
@@ -2998,7 +2817,7 @@ bool ast_switch_codegen(ast_switch *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
     }
 
     /* Jump from the last bnot to bout */
-    if (bfall && !bfall->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(bfall, self->m_context, bout)) {
+    if (bfall && !bfall->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(bfall, m_context, bout)) {
         /*
         astwarning(bfall->m_context, WARN_???, "missing break after last case");
         */
@@ -3014,25 +2833,24 @@ bool ast_switch_codegen(ast_switch *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
 
         /* Insert the fallthrough jump */
         if (def_bfall && !def_bfall->m_final) {
-            if (!ir_block_create_jump(def_bfall, self->m_context, bcase))
+            if (!ir_block_create_jump(def_bfall, m_context, bcase))
                 return false;
         }
 
         /* Now generate the default code */
-        cgen = def_case->m_code->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)def_case->m_code, func, false, &dummy))
+        if (!def_case->m_code->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
             return false;
 
         /* see if we need to fall through */
         if (def_bfall_to && !func->m_curblock->m_final)
         {
-            if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, def_bfall_to))
+            if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, m_context, def_bfall_to))
                 return false;
         }
     }
 
     /* Jump from the last bnot to bout */
-    if (!func->m_curblock->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, bout))
+    if (!func->m_curblock->m_final && !ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, m_context, bout))
         return false;
     /* enter the outgoing block */
     func->m_curblock = bout;
@@ -3051,65 +2869,65 @@ bool ast_switch_codegen(ast_switch *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_va
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_label_codegen(ast_label *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_label::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
     ir_value *dummy;
 
-    if (self->m_undefined) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_label never defined");
+    if (m_undefined) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_label never defined");
         return false;
     }
 
     *out = nullptr;
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_label cannot be an lvalue");
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_label cannot be an lvalue");
         return false;
     }
 
     /* simply create a new block and jump to it */
-    self->m_irblock = ir_function_create_block(self->m_context, func->m_ir_func, self->m_name);
-    if (!self->m_irblock) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "failed to allocate label block `%s`", self->m_name);
+    m_irblock = ir_function_create_block(m_context, func->m_ir_func, m_name.c_str());
+    if (!m_irblock) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "failed to allocate label block `%s`", m_name);
         return false;
     }
     if (!func->m_curblock->m_final) {
-        if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, self->m_irblock))
+        if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, m_context, m_irblock))
             return false;
     }
 
     /* enter the new block */
-    func->m_curblock = self->m_irblock;
+    func->m_curblock = m_irblock;
 
     /* Generate all the leftover gotos */
-    for (auto &it : self->m_gotos) {
-        if (!ast_goto_codegen(it, func, false, &dummy))
+    for (auto &it : m_gotos) {
+        if (!it->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
             return false;
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_goto_codegen(ast_goto *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_goto::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
     *out = nullptr;
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_goto cannot be an lvalue");
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_goto cannot be an lvalue");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_target->m_irblock) {
-        if (self->m_irblock_from) {
+    if (m_target->m_irblock) {
+        if (m_irblock_from) {
             /* we already tried once, this is the callback */
-            self->m_irblock_from->m_final = false;
-            if (!ir_block_create_goto(self->m_irblock_from, self->m_context, self->m_target->m_irblock)) {
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "failed to generate goto to `%s`", self->m_name);
+            m_irblock_from->m_final = false;
+            if (!ir_block_create_goto(m_irblock_from, m_context, m_target->m_irblock)) {
+                compile_error(m_context, "failed to generate goto to `%s`", m_name);
                 return false;
             }
         }
         else
         {
-            if (!ir_block_create_goto(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, self->m_target->m_irblock)) {
-                compile_error(self->m_context, "failed to generate goto to `%s`", self->m_name);
+            if (!ir_block_create_goto(func->m_curblock, m_context, m_target->m_irblock)) {
+                compile_error(m_context, "failed to generate goto to `%s`", m_name);
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -3120,54 +2938,48 @@ bool ast_goto_codegen(ast_goto *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
          * close this block in a sneaky way:
          */
         func->m_curblock->m_final = true;
-        self->m_irblock_from = func->m_curblock;
-        ast_label_register_goto(self->m_target, self);
+        m_irblock_from = func->m_curblock;
+        m_target->registerGoto(this);
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-bool ast_state_codegen(ast_state *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_state::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
-
     ir_value *frameval, *thinkval;
 
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "not an l-value (state operation)");
+        compile_error(m_context, "not an l-value (state operation)");
         return false;
     }
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "internal error: ast_state cannot be reused!");
+    if (m_outr) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "internal error: ast_state cannot be reused!");
         return false;
     }
     *out = nullptr;
 
-    cgen = self->m_framenum->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_framenum), func, false, &frameval))
+    if (!m_framenum->codegen(func, false, &frameval))
         return false;
     if (!frameval)
         return false;
 
-    cgen = self->m_nextthink->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_nextthink), func, false, &thinkval))
+    if (!m_nextthink->codegen(func, false, &thinkval))
         return false;
     if (!frameval)
         return false;
 
-    if (!ir_block_create_state_op(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, frameval, thinkval)) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "failed to create STATE instruction");
+    if (!ir_block_create_state_op(func->m_curblock, m_context, frameval, thinkval)) {
+        compile_error(m_context, "failed to create STATE instruction");
         return false;
     }
 
-    self->m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
+    m_outr = (ir_value*)1;
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ast_call_codegen(ast_call *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
+bool ast_call::codegen(ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value **out)
 {
-    ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
     std::vector<ir_value*> params;
     ir_instr *callinstr;
 
@@ -3175,26 +2987,24 @@ bool ast_call_codegen(ast_call *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
 
     /* return values are never lvalues */
     if (lvalue) {
-        compile_error(self->m_context, "not an l-value (function call)");
+        compile_error(m_context, "not an l-value (function call)");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (self->m_outr) {
-        *out = self->m_outr;
+    if (m_outr) {
+        *out = m_outr;
         return true;
     }
 
-    cgen = self->m_func->m_codegen;
-    if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_func), func, false, &funval))
+    if (!m_func->codegen(func, false, &funval))
         return false;
     if (!funval)
         return false;
 
     /* parameters */
-    for (auto &it : self->m_params) {
+    for (auto &it : m_params) {
         ir_value *param;
-        cgen = it->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)(it, func, false, &param))
+        if (!it->codegen(func, false, &param))
             return false;
         if (!param)
             return false;
@@ -3202,22 +3012,21 @@ bool ast_call_codegen(ast_call *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
     }
 
     /* varargs counter */
-    if (self->m_va_count) {
+    if (m_va_count) {
         ir_value   *va_count;
         ir_builder *builder = func->m_curblock->m_owner->m_owner;
-        cgen = self->m_va_count->m_codegen;
-        if (!(*cgen)((ast_expression*)(self->m_va_count), func, false, &va_count))
+        if (!m_va_count->codegen(func, false, &va_count))
             return false;
-        if (!ir_block_create_store_op(func->m_curblock, self->m_context, INSTR_STORE_F,
+        if (!ir_block_create_store_op(func->m_curblock, m_context, INSTR_STORE_F,
                                       ir_builder_get_va_count(builder), va_count))
         {
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    callinstr = ir_block_create_call(func->m_curblock, self->m_context,
-                                     ast_function_label(func, "call"),
-                                     funval, !!(self->m_func->m_flags & AST_FLAG_NORETURN));
+    callinstr = ir_block_create_call(func->m_curblock, m_context,
+                                     func->makeLabel("call"),
+                                     funval, !!(m_func->m_flags & AST_FLAG_NORETURN));
     if (!callinstr)
         return false;
 
@@ -3225,9 +3034,9 @@ bool ast_call_codegen(ast_call *self, ast_function *func, bool lvalue, ir_value
         ir_call_param(callinstr, it);
 
     *out = ir_call_value(callinstr);
-    self->m_outr = *out;
+    m_outr = *out;
 
-    codegen_output_type(self, *out);
+    codegen_output_type(this, *out);
 
     return true;
 }
diff --git a/ast.h b/ast.h
index 354ce05ee48690df0e1ff75e70c2ff84d35ad9cb..04f8c0eaa5ec76f81327cc00214ada72d585d6ed 100644 (file)
--- a/ast.h
+++ b/ast.h
@@ -95,10 +95,6 @@ enum {
 
 #define ast_istype(x, t) ( (x)->m_node_type == (TYPE_##t) )
 
-/* Node interface with common components
- */
-typedef void ast_node_delete(ast_node*);
-
 struct ast_node
 {
     ast_node() = delete;
@@ -114,7 +110,7 @@ struct ast_node
     bool             m_keep_node;
     bool             m_side_effects;
 
-    void propagate_side_effects(ast_node *other) const;
+    void propagateSideEffects(ast_node *other) const;
 };
 
 #define ast_unref(x) do        \
@@ -127,15 +123,6 @@ struct ast_node
 enum class ast_copy_type_t { value };
 static const ast_copy_type_t ast_copy_type = ast_copy_type_t::value;
 
-/* Expression interface
- *
- * Any expression or block returns an ir_value, and needs
- * to know the current function.
- */
-typedef bool ast_expression_codegen(ast_expression*,
-                                    ast_function*,
-                                    bool lvalue,
-                                    ir_value**);
 /* TODO: the codegen function should take an output-type parameter
  * indicating whether a variable, type, label etc. is expected, and
  * an environment!
@@ -151,13 +138,16 @@ struct ast_expression : ast_node {
     ast_expression(lex_ctx_t ctx, int nodetype, qc_type vtype);
     ast_expression(lex_ctx_t ctx, int nodetype);
     ~ast_expression();
-    ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, int nodetype, const ast_expression&);
+
     ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, const ast_expression&);
+    ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, lex_ctx_t ctx, const ast_expression&);
+    ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, int nodetype, const ast_expression&);
+    ast_expression(ast_copy_type_t, int nodetype, lex_ctx_t ctx, const ast_expression&);
 
-    static ast_expression *shallow_type(lex_ctx_t ctx, qc_type vtype);
+    static ast_expression *shallowType(lex_ctx_t ctx, qc_type vtype);
 
-    bool compare_type(const ast_expression &other) const;
-    void adopt_type(const ast_expression &other);
+    bool compareType(const ast_expression &other) const;
+    void adoptType(const ast_expression &other);
 
     qc_type                 m_vtype = TYPE_VOID;
     ast_expression         *m_next = nullptr;
@@ -177,6 +167,8 @@ struct ast_expression : ast_node {
      */
     ir_value               *m_outl = nullptr;
     ir_value               *m_outr = nullptr;
+
+    virtual bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out);
 };
 
 /* Value
@@ -206,7 +198,13 @@ struct ast_value : ast_expression
     ast_value(ast_copy_type_t, const ast_value&);
     ast_value(ast_copy_type_t, const ast_value&, const std::string&);
 
-    void add_param(ast_value*);
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
+    void addParam(ast_value*);
+
+    bool generateGlobal(ir_builder*, bool isfield);
+    bool generateLocal(ir_function*, bool param);
+    bool generateAccessors(ir_builder*);
 
     std::string m_name;
     std::string m_desc;
@@ -229,18 +227,22 @@ struct ast_value : ast_expression
     size_t m_uses = 0;
 
     ir_value *m_ir_v = nullptr;
-    ir_value **m_ir_values = nullptr;
+    std::vector<ir_value*> m_ir_values;
     size_t m_ir_value_count = 0;
 
     /* ONLY for arrays in progs version up to 6 */
     ast_value *m_setter = nullptr;
     ast_value *m_getter = nullptr;
 
-
     bool m_intrinsic = false; /* true if associated with intrinsic */
-};
 
-bool ast_global_codegen(ast_value *self, ir_builder *ir, bool isfield);
+private:
+    bool generateGlobalFunction(ir_builder*);
+    bool generateGlobalField(ir_builder*);
+    ir_value *prepareGlobalArray(ir_builder*);
+    bool setGlobalArray();
+    bool checkArray(const ast_value &array) const;
+};
 
 void ast_type_to_string(const ast_expression *e, char *buf, size_t bufsize);
 
@@ -262,6 +264,8 @@ struct ast_binary : ast_expression
     ast_binary(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op, ast_expression *l, ast_expression *r);
     ~ast_binary();
 
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     int m_op;
     ast_expression *m_left;
     ast_expression *m_right;
@@ -280,6 +284,8 @@ struct ast_binstore : ast_expression
     ast_binstore(lex_ctx_t ctx, int storeop, int mathop, ast_expression *l, ast_expression *r);
     ~ast_binstore();
 
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     int m_opstore;
     int m_opbin;
     ast_expression *m_dest;
@@ -287,11 +293,6 @@ struct ast_binstore : ast_expression
     /* for &~= which uses the destination in a binary in source we can use this */
     bool m_keep_dest;
 };
-ast_binstore* ast_binstore_new(lex_ctx_t    ctx,
-                               int        storeop,
-                               int        op,
-                               ast_expression *left,
-                               ast_expression *right);
 
 /* Unary
  *
@@ -301,9 +302,14 @@ struct ast_unary : ast_expression
 {
     ast_unary() = delete;
     ~ast_unary();
+
+    static ast_unary* make(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op, ast_expression *expr);
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     int m_op;
     ast_expression *m_operand;
-    static ast_unary* make(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op, ast_expression *expr);
+
 private:
     ast_unary(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op, ast_expression *expr);
 };
@@ -319,6 +325,9 @@ struct ast_return : ast_expression
     ast_return() = delete;
     ast_return(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *expr);
     ~ast_return();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ast_expression *m_operand;
 };
 
@@ -341,6 +350,9 @@ struct ast_entfield : ast_expression
     ast_entfield(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *entity, ast_expression *field);
     ast_entfield(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *entity, ast_expression *field, const ast_expression *outtype);
     ~ast_entfield();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     // The entity can come from an expression of course.
     ast_expression *m_entity;
     // As can the field, it just must result in a value of TYPE_FIELD
@@ -357,6 +369,8 @@ struct ast_member : ast_expression
     static ast_member *make(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *owner, unsigned int field, const std::string &name);
     ~ast_member();
 
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ast_expression *m_owner;
     unsigned int m_field;
     std::string m_name;
@@ -381,6 +395,9 @@ struct ast_array_index : ast_expression
 {
     static ast_array_index* make(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *array, ast_expression *index);
     ~ast_array_index();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ast_expression *m_array;
     ast_expression *m_index;
 private:
@@ -396,6 +413,9 @@ struct ast_argpipe : ast_expression
 {
     ast_argpipe() = delete;
     ast_argpipe(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *index);
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ~ast_argpipe();
     ast_expression *m_index;
 };
@@ -410,6 +430,9 @@ struct ast_store : ast_expression
     ast_store() = delete;
     ast_store(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op, ast_expression *d, ast_expression *s);
     ~ast_store();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     int m_op;
     ast_expression *m_dest;
     ast_expression *m_source;
@@ -431,6 +454,9 @@ struct ast_ifthen : ast_expression
     ast_ifthen() = delete;
     ast_ifthen(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *cond, ast_expression *ontrue, ast_expression *onfalse);
     ~ast_ifthen();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ast_expression *m_cond;
     /* It's all just 'expressions', since an ast_block is one too. */
     ast_expression *m_on_true;
@@ -455,6 +481,9 @@ struct ast_ternary : ast_expression
     ast_ternary() = delete;
     ast_ternary(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *cond, ast_expression *ontrue, ast_expression *onfalse);
     ~ast_ternary();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ast_expression *m_cond;
     /* It's all just 'expressions', since an ast_block is one too. */
     ast_expression *m_on_true;
@@ -494,6 +523,9 @@ struct ast_loop : ast_expression
              ast_expression *increment,
              ast_expression *body);
     ~ast_loop();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ast_expression *m_initexpr;
     ast_expression *m_precond;
     ast_expression *m_postcond;
@@ -513,10 +545,16 @@ struct ast_loop : ast_expression
  */
 struct ast_breakcont : ast_expression
 {
+    ast_breakcont() = delete;
+    ast_breakcont(lex_ctx_t ctx, bool iscont, unsigned int levels);
+    ~ast_breakcont();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
+
     bool         m_is_continue;
     unsigned int m_levels;
 };
-ast_breakcont* ast_breakcont_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, bool iscont, unsigned int levels);
 
 /* Switch Statements
  *
@@ -535,11 +573,16 @@ struct ast_switch_case {
 
 struct ast_switch : ast_expression
 {
+    ast_switch() = delete;
+    ast_switch(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *op);
+    ~ast_switch();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ast_expression *m_operand;
     std::vector<ast_switch_case> m_cases;
 };
 
-ast_switch* ast_switch_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *op);
 
 /* Label nodes
  *
@@ -547,15 +590,23 @@ ast_switch* ast_switch_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *op);
  */
 struct ast_label : ast_expression
 {
-    const char *m_name;
+    ast_label() = delete;
+    ast_label(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name, bool undefined);
+    ~ast_label();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
+    std::string m_name;
     ir_block *m_irblock;
     std::vector<ast_goto*> m_gotos;
 
     /* means it has not yet been defined */
     bool m_undefined;
-};
 
-ast_label* ast_label_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *name, bool undefined);
+private:
+    void registerGoto(ast_goto*);
+    friend struct ast_goto;
+};
 
 /* GOTO nodes
  *
@@ -563,25 +614,34 @@ ast_label* ast_label_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *name, bool undefined);
  */
 struct ast_goto : ast_expression
 {
-    const char *m_name;
+    ast_goto() = delete;
+    ast_goto(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name);
+    ~ast_goto();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
+    void setLabel(ast_label*);
+
+    std::string m_name;
     ast_label *m_target;
     ir_block *m_irblock_from;
 };
 
-ast_goto* ast_goto_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *name);
-void ast_goto_set_label(ast_goto*, ast_label*);
-
 /* STATE node
  *
  * For frame/think state updates: void foo() [framenum, nextthink] {}
  */
 struct ast_state : ast_expression
 {
+    ast_state() = delete;
+    ast_state(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *frame, ast_expression *think);
+    ~ast_state();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     ast_expression *m_framenum;
     ast_expression *m_nextthink;
 };
-ast_state* ast_state_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *frame, ast_expression *think);
-void ast_state_delete(ast_state*);
 
 /* CALL node
  *
@@ -595,29 +655,42 @@ void ast_state_delete(ast_state*);
  */
 struct ast_call : ast_expression
 {
+    ast_call() = delete;
+    static ast_call *make(lex_ctx_t, ast_expression*);
+    ~ast_call();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
+    bool checkTypes(ast_expression *this_func_va_type) const;
+
     ast_expression *m_func;
     std::vector<ast_expression *> m_params;
     ast_expression *m_va_count;
+
+private:
+    ast_call(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_expression *funcexpr);
+    bool checkVararg(ast_expression *va_type, ast_expression *exp_type) const;
 };
-ast_call* ast_call_new(lex_ctx_t ctx,
-                       ast_expression *funcexpr);
-bool ast_call_check_types(ast_call*, ast_expression *this_func_va_type);
 
 /* Blocks
  *
  */
 struct ast_block : ast_expression
 {
+    ast_block() = delete;
+    ast_block(lex_ctx_t ctx);
+    ~ast_block();
+
+    bool codegen(ast_function *current, bool lvalue, ir_value **out) override;
+
     std::vector<ast_value*>      m_locals;
     std::vector<ast_expression*> m_exprs;
     std::vector<ast_expression*> m_collect;
-};
-ast_block* ast_block_new(lex_ctx_t ctx);
-void ast_block_delete(ast_block*);
-void ast_block_set_type(ast_block*, ast_expression *from);
-void ast_block_collect(ast_block*, ast_expression*);
 
-bool GMQCC_WARN ast_block_add_expr(ast_block*, ast_expression*);
+    void setType(const ast_expression &from);
+    bool GMQCC_WARN addExpr(ast_expression*);
+    void collect(ast_expression*);
+};
 
 /* Function
  *
@@ -628,49 +701,53 @@ bool GMQCC_WARN ast_block_add_expr(ast_block*, ast_expression*);
  * neither functions inside functions, nor lambdas, and function
  * pointers could just work with a name. However, this way could be
  * more flexible, and adds no real complexity.
+ *
+ * The destructor will NOT delete the underlying ast_value
+ *
  */
 struct ast_function : ast_node
 {
-    ast_value  *m_function_type;
-    const char *m_name;
+    ast_function() = delete;
+    static ast_function *make(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name, ast_value *vtype);
+    ~ast_function();
 
-    int m_builtin;
+    const char* makeLabel(const char *prefix);
+    virtual bool generateFunction(ir_builder*);
+
+    ast_value  *m_function_type = nullptr;
+    std::string m_name;
+
+    int m_builtin = 0;
 
     /* list of used-up names for statics without the count suffix */
-    std::vector<char*> m_static_names;
+    std::vector<std::string> m_static_names;
     /* number of static variables, by convention this includes the
      * ones without the count-suffix - remember this when dealing
      * with savegames. uint instead of size_t as %zu in printf is
      * C99, so no windows support. */
-    unsigned int m_static_count;
+    unsigned int m_static_count = 0;
 
-    ir_function *m_ir_func;
-    ir_block *m_curblock;
+    ir_function *m_ir_func = nullptr;
+    ir_block *m_curblock = nullptr;
     std::vector<ir_block*> m_breakblocks;
     std::vector<ir_block*> m_continueblocks;
 
-    size_t m_labelcount;
+    size_t m_labelcount = 0;
     /* in order for thread safety - for the optional
      * channel abesed multithreading... keeping a buffer
      * here to use in ast_function_label.
      */
-    char m_labelbuf[64];
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ast_block>> m_blocks;
-    ast_value *m_varargs;
-    ast_value *m_argc;
-    ast_value *m_fixedparams;
-    ast_value *m_return_value;
-};
-ast_function* ast_function_new(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *name, ast_value *vtype);
-/* This will NOT delete the underlying ast_value */
-void ast_function_delete(ast_function*);
-/* For "optimized" builds this can just keep returning "foo"...
- * or whatever...
- */
-const char* ast_function_label(ast_function*, const char *prefix);
+    std::unique_ptr<ast_value> m_varargs;
+    std::unique_ptr<ast_value> m_argc;
+    ast_value *m_fixedparams = nullptr; // these use unref()
+    ast_value *m_return_value = nullptr;
 
-bool ast_function_codegen(ast_function *self, ir_builder *builder);
-bool ast_generate_accessors(ast_value *asvalue, ir_builder *ir);
+private:
+    ast_function(lex_ctx_t ctx, const std::string &name, ast_value *vtype);
+
+    char m_labelbuf[64];
+};
 
 /*
  * If the condition creates a situation where this becomes -1 size it means there are
index 28d1a43604e1cccafcc750fbeea2fc868099b8ff..5eb81db94dcac0dd3069fb244b3baf9bcaab7c26 100644 (file)
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ void vcompile_error(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *msg, va_list ap)
     con_cvprintmsg(ctx, LVL_ERROR, "error", msg, ap);
 }
 
-void compile_error(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *msg, ...)
+void compile_error_(lex_ctx_t ctx, const char *msg, ...)
 {
     va_list ap;
     va_start(ap, msg);
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ bool GMQCC_WARN vcompile_warning(lex_ctx_t ctx, int warntype, const char *fmt, v
     return OPTS_WERROR(warntype) && OPTS_FLAG(BAIL_ON_WERROR);
 }
 
-bool GMQCC_WARN compile_warning(lex_ctx_t ctx, int warntype, const char *fmt, ...)
+bool GMQCC_WARN compile_warning_(lex_ctx_t ctx, int warntype, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     bool r;
     va_list ap;
index 306e5cae628256ae18a1c6a5ce29dd7f40ab5c72..81c6c3ff0eba3c4af298a7fa77a61fd248a3a122 100644 (file)
--- a/fold.cpp
+++ b/fold.cpp
@@ -931,14 +931,14 @@ bool fold::generate(ir_builder *ir) {
     // generate globals for immediate folded values
     ast_value *cur;
     for (auto &it : m_imm_float)
-        if (!ast_global_codegen((cur = it), ir, false)) goto err;
+        if (!(cur = it)->generateGlobal(ir, false)) goto err;
     for (auto &it : m_imm_vector)
-        if (!ast_global_codegen((cur = it), ir, false)) goto err;
+        if (!(cur = it)->generateGlobal(ir, false)) goto err;
     for (auto &it : m_imm_string)
-        if (!ast_global_codegen((cur = it), ir, false)) goto err;
+        if (!(cur = it)->generateGlobal(ir, false)) goto err;
     return true;
 err:
-    con_out("failed to generate global %s\n", cur->m_name);
+    con_out("failed to generate global %s\n", cur->m_name.c_str());
     delete ir;
     return false;
 }
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ ast_expression *fold::constgen_float(qcfloat_t value, bool inexact) {
         if (!memcmp(&it->m_constval.vfloat, &value, sizeof(qcfloat_t)))
             return (ast_expression*)it;
 
-    ast_value *out  = ast_value_new(ctx(), "#IMMEDIATE", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *out  = new ast_value(ctx(), "#IMMEDIATE", TYPE_FLOAT);
     out->m_cvq = CV_CONST;
     out->m_hasvalue = true;
     out->m_inexact = inexact;
@@ -976,7 +976,7 @@ ast_expression *fold::constgen_vector(vec3_t value) {
         if (vec3_cmp(it->m_constval.vvec, value))
             return (ast_expression*)it;
 
-    ast_value *out = ast_value_new(ctx(), "#IMMEDIATE", TYPE_VECTOR);
+    ast_value *out = new ast_value(ctx(), "#IMMEDIATE", TYPE_VECTOR);
     out->m_cvq = CV_CONST;
     out->m_hasvalue = true;
     out->m_constval.vvec = value;
@@ -997,10 +997,10 @@ ast_expression *fold::constgen_string(const char *str, bool translate) {
     if (translate) {
         char name[32];
         util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "dotranslate_%zu", m_parser->translated++);
-        out = ast_value_new(ctx(), name, TYPE_STRING);
+        out = new ast_value(ctx(), name, TYPE_STRING);
         out->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF; /* def needs to be included for translatables */
     } else {
-        out = ast_value_new(ctx(), "#IMMEDIATE", TYPE_STRING);
+        out = new ast_value(ctx(), "#IMMEDIATE", TYPE_STRING);
     }
 
     out->m_cvq = CV_CONST;
@@ -1014,6 +1014,10 @@ ast_expression *fold::constgen_string(const char *str, bool translate) {
     return (ast_expression*)out;
 }
 
+ast_expression *fold::constgen_string(const std::string &str, bool translate) {
+  return constgen_string(str.c_str(), translate);
+}
+
 typedef union {
     void (*callback)(void);
     sfloat_t (*binary)(sfloat_state_t *, sfloat_t, sfloat_t);
@@ -1069,11 +1073,11 @@ ast_expression *fold::op_mul_vec(vec3_t vec, ast_value *sel, const char *set) {
     if (!y && !z) {
         ast_expression *out;
         ++opts_optimizationcount[OPTIM_VECTOR_COMPONENTS];
-        out = (ast_expression*)ast_member_new(ctx(), (ast_expression*)sel, set[0]-'x', nullptr);
+        out = ast_member::make(ctx(), (ast_expression*)sel, set[0]-'x', nullptr);
         out->m_keep_node = false;
         ((ast_member*)out)->m_rvalue = true;
         if (x != -1.0f)
-            return (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(ctx(), INSTR_MUL_F, constgen_float(x, false), out);
+            return new ast_binary(ctx(), INSTR_MUL_F, constgen_float(x, false), out);
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -1181,7 +1185,7 @@ ast_expression *fold::op_div(ast_value *a, ast_value *b) {
             bool inexact = check_except_float(&sfloat_div, a, b);
             return constgen_float(immvalue_float(a) / immvalue_float(b), inexact);
         } else if (fold_can_1(b)) {
-            return (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            return new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_MUL_F,
                 (ast_expression*)a,
@@ -1192,17 +1196,16 @@ ast_expression *fold::op_div(ast_value *a, ast_value *b) {
         if (fold_can_2(a, b)) {
             return constgen_vector(vec3_mulvf(ctx(), immvalue_vector(a), 1.0f / immvalue_float(b)));
         } else {
-            return (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            return new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_MUL_VF,
                 (ast_expression*)a,
                 (fold_can_1(b))
                     ? (ast_expression*)constgen_float(1.0f / immvalue_float(b), false)
-                    : (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
-                                            ctx(),
-                                            INSTR_DIV_F,
-                                            (ast_expression*)m_imm_float[1],
-                                            (ast_expression*)b
+                    : new ast_binary(ctx(),
+                                     INSTR_DIV_F,
+                                     (ast_expression*)m_imm_float[1],
+                                     (ast_expression*)b
                     )
             );
         }
@@ -1600,12 +1603,11 @@ ast_expression *fold::binary(lex_ctx_t ctx, int op, ast_expression *left, ast_ex
     ast_expression *ret = superfluous(left, right, op);
     if (ret)
         return ret;
-    return (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(ctx, op, left, right);
+    return new ast_binary(ctx, op, left, right);
 }
 
 int fold::cond(ir_value *condval, ast_function *func, ast_ifthen *branch) {
     if (isfloat(condval) && fold_can_1(condval) && OPTS_OPTIMIZATION(OPTIM_CONST_FOLD_DCE)) {
-        ast_expression_codegen *cgen;
         ir_block               *elide;
         ir_value               *dummy;
         bool                    istrue  = (immvalue_float(condval) != 0.0f && branch->m_on_true);
@@ -1621,9 +1623,9 @@ int fold::cond(ir_value *condval, ast_function *func, ast_ifthen *branch) {
             return true;
         }
 
-        if (!(elide = ir_function_create_block(branch->m_context, func->m_ir_func, ast_function_label(func, ((istrue) ? "ontrue" : "onfalse")))))
+        if (!(elide = ir_function_create_block(branch->m_context, func->m_ir_func, func->makeLabel((istrue) ? "ontrue" : "onfalse"))))
             return false;
-        if (!(*(cgen = path->m_codegen))((ast_expression*)path, func, false, &dummy))
+        if (!path->codegen(func, false, &dummy))
             return false;
         if (!ir_block_create_jump(func->m_curblock, branch->m_context, elide))
             return false;
diff --git a/fold.h b/fold.h
index b29d42275421f00343805ecf900dd9b5e38380ab..1d096e82f9ccf182d05172b8b347c7b510322f99 100644 (file)
--- a/fold.h
+++ b/fold.h
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ struct fold {
     ast_expression *constgen_float(qcfloat_t value, bool inexact);
     ast_expression *constgen_vector(vec3_t value);
     ast_expression *constgen_string(const char *str, bool translate);
+    ast_expression *constgen_string(const std::string &str, bool translate);
 
     ast_value *imm_float(size_t index) const { return m_imm_float[index]; }
     ast_value *imm_vector(size_t index) const { return m_imm_vector[index]; }
diff --git a/gmqcc.h b/gmqcc.h
index 88cf7ff21831336c15f1d6d87515af82176fb6f6..4e3fb399eba42b7604ac7b76b413d6cd74ec8e92 100644 (file)
--- a/gmqcc.h
+++ b/gmqcc.h
@@ -589,12 +589,28 @@ extern size_t compile_errors;
 extern size_t compile_Werrors;
 extern size_t compile_warnings;
 
-void /********/ compile_error   (lex_ctx_t ctx, /*LVL_ERROR*/ const char *msg, ...);
+void /********/ compile_error_  (lex_ctx_t ctx, /*LVL_ERROR*/ const char *msg, ...);
 void /********/ vcompile_error  (lex_ctx_t ctx, /*LVL_ERROR*/ const char *msg, va_list ap);
-bool GMQCC_WARN compile_warning (lex_ctx_t ctx, int warntype, const char *fmt, ...);
+bool GMQCC_WARN compile_warning_(lex_ctx_t ctx, int warntype, const char *fmt, ...);
 bool GMQCC_WARN vcompile_warning(lex_ctx_t ctx, int warntype, const char *fmt, va_list ap);
 void            compile_show_werrors(void);
 
+template <typename T>
+inline constexpr const T formatNormalize(const T argument) { return argument; }
+
+inline const char *formatNormalize(const std::string &argument) {
+    return argument.c_str();
+}
+
+template<typename... Ts>
+inline bool GMQCC_WARN compile_warning(lex_ctx_t ctx, int warntype, const char *fmt, const Ts&... ts) {
+    return compile_warning_(ctx, warntype, fmt, formatNormalize(ts)...);
+}
+template<typename... Ts>
+inline void /********/ compile_error   (lex_ctx_t ctx, /*LVL_ERROR*/ const char *msg, const Ts&... ts) {
+    return compile_error_(ctx, msg, formatNormalize(ts)...);
+}
+
 /* ir.c */
 /* TODO: cleanup */
 enum store_type {
index cc6250be7cd1194986ba31d3001dca24204337ac..b37b50f1fc3d38ffdf6192349012771dd9f1bd17 100644 (file)
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ ast_function *intrin::value(ast_value **out, const char *name, qc_type vtype) {
     util_snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "__builtin_%s", name);
     util_snprintf(stype,  sizeof(stype),   "<%s>",        type_name[vtype]);
 
-    value = ast_value_new(ctx(), buffer, TYPE_FUNCTION);
+    value = new ast_value(ctx(), buffer, TYPE_FUNCTION);
     value->m_intrinsic = true;
-    value->m_next = (ast_expression*)ast_value_new(ctx(), stype, vtype);
-    func = ast_function_new(ctx(), buffer, value);
+    value->m_next = new ast_value(ctx(), stype, vtype);
+    func = ast_function::make(ctx(), buffer, value);
     value->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_ERASEABLE;
 
     *out = value;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ ast_function *intrin::value(ast_value **out, const char *name, qc_type vtype) {
 
 void intrin::reg(ast_value *const value, ast_function *const func) {
     m_parser->functions.push_back(func);
-    m_parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)value);
+    m_parser->globals.push_back(value);
 }
 
 #define QC_POW_EPSILON 0.00001f
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ ast_expression *intrin::nullfunc() {
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
     ast_function *func = value(&val, nullptr, TYPE_VOID);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::isfinite_() {
@@ -48,33 +48,33 @@ ast_expression *intrin::isfinite_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value    *val     = nullptr;
-    ast_value    *x         = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *x         = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
     ast_function *func      = value(&val, "isfinite", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_call     *callisnan = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("isnan", "isfinite"));
-    ast_call     *callisinf = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("isinf", "isfinite"));
-    ast_block    *block     = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_call     *callisnan = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("isnan", "isfinite"));
+    ast_call     *callisinf = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("isinf", "isfinite"));
+    ast_block    *block     = new ast_block(ctx());
 
     /* float x; */
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
 
     /* <callisnan> = isnan(x); */
-    callisnan->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)x);
+    callisnan->m_params.push_back(x);
 
     /* <callisinf> = isinf(x); */
-    callisinf->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)x);
+    callisinf->m_params.push_back(x);
 
     /* return (!<callisnan> || <callisinf>); */
     block->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(
+            ast_unary::make(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_NOT_F,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_OR,
-                    (ast_expression*)callisnan,
-                    (ast_expression*)callisinf
+                    callisnan,
+                    callisinf
                 )
             )
         )
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ ast_expression *intrin::isfinite_() {
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(block);
     reg(val, func);
 
-    return (ast_expression*)val;;
+    return val;;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::isinf_() {
@@ -93,43 +93,43 @@ ast_expression *intrin::isinf_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_value *x = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value *x = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "isinf", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_AND,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_NE_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)x,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                    x,
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_EQ_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                    new ast_binary(
                         ctx(),
                         INSTR_ADD_F,
-                        (ast_expression*)x,
-                        (ast_expression*)x
+                        x,
+                        x
                     ),
-                    (ast_expression*)x
+                    x
                 )
             )
         )
     );
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
 
     reg(val, func);
 
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::isnan_() {
@@ -142,39 +142,39 @@ ast_expression *intrin::isnan_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_value *arg1 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x",TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *local = ast_value_new(ctx(), "local", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body  = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value *arg1 = new ast_value(ctx(), "x",TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *local = new ast_value(ctx(), "local", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body  = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "isnan", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
     body->m_locals.push_back(local);
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)local,
-            (ast_expression*)arg1
+            local,
+            arg1
         )
     );
 
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_NE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)arg1,
-                (ast_expression*)local
+                arg1,
+                local
             )
         )
     );
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(arg1);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(arg1);
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
 
     reg(val, func);
 
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::isnormal_() {
@@ -184,25 +184,25 @@ ast_expression *intrin::isnormal_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_call *callisfinite = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("isfinite", "isnormal"));
-    ast_value *x = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_call *callisfinite = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("isfinite", "isnormal"));
+    ast_value *x = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "isnormal", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
-    callisfinite->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
+    callisfinite->m_params.push_back(x);
 
     /* return <callisfinite> */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)callisfinite
+            callisfinite
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::signbit_() {
@@ -212,33 +212,33 @@ ast_expression *intrin::signbit_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_value *x = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value *x = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "signbit", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
 
     /* return (x < 0); */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(
+            new ast_ternary(
                 ctx(),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_LT,
-                    (ast_expression*)x,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                    x,
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
             )
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::acosh_() {
@@ -248,50 +248,50 @@ ast_expression *intrin::acosh_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value    *val    = nullptr;
-    ast_value    *x        = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_call     *calllog  = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("log", "acosh"));
-    ast_call     *callsqrt = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("sqrt", "acosh"));
-    ast_block    *body     = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value    *x        = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_call     *calllog  = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("log", "acosh"));
+    ast_call     *callsqrt = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("sqrt", "acosh"));
+    ast_block    *body     = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func     = value(&val, "acosh", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
 
     /* <callsqrt> = sqrt((x * x) - 1); */
     callsqrt->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_SUB_F,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_MUL_F,
-                (ast_expression*)x,
-                (ast_expression*)x
+                x,
+                x
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
         )
     );
 
     /* <calllog> = log(x + <callsqrt>); */
     calllog->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_ADD_F,
-            (ast_expression*)x,
-            (ast_expression*)callsqrt
+            x,
+            callsqrt
         )
     );
 
     /* return <calllog>; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)calllog
+            calllog
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::asinh_() {
@@ -301,50 +301,50 @@ ast_expression *intrin::asinh_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_value *x = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_call *calllog = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("log", "asinh"));
-    ast_call *callsqrt = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("sqrt", "asinh"));
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value *x = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_call *calllog = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("log", "asinh"));
+    ast_call *callsqrt = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("sqrt", "asinh"));
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "asinh", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
 
     /* <callsqrt> = sqrt((x * x) + 1); */
     callsqrt->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_ADD_F,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_MUL_F,
-                (ast_expression*)x,
-                (ast_expression*)x
+                x,
+                x
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
         )
     );
 
     /* <calllog> = log(x + <callsqrt>); */
     calllog->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_ADD_F,
-            (ast_expression*)x,
-            (ast_expression*)callsqrt
+            x,
+            callsqrt
         )
     );
 
     /* return <calllog>; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)calllog
+            calllog
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::atanh_() {
@@ -354,46 +354,46 @@ ast_expression *intrin::atanh_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value    *val   = nullptr;
-    ast_value    *x       = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_call     *calllog = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("log", "atanh"));
-    ast_block    *body    = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value    *x       = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_call     *calllog = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("log", "atanh"));
+    ast_block    *body    = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func    = value(&val, "atanh", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
 
     /* <callog> = log((1 + x) / (1 - x)); */
     calllog->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_DIV_F,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_ADD_F,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
-                (ast_expression*)x
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+                x
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_SUB_F,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
-                (ast_expression*)x
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+                x
             )
         )
     );
 
     /* return 0.5 * <calllog>; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_MUL_F,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->constgen_float(0.5, false),
-            (ast_expression*)calllog
+            m_fold->constgen_float(0.5, false),
+            calllog
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::exp_() {
@@ -409,14 +409,14 @@ ast_expression *intrin::exp_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_value *x = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *sum = ast_value_new(ctx(), "sum", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *acc = ast_value_new(ctx(), "acc", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *i = ast_value_new(ctx(), "i",   TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value *x = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *sum = new ast_value(ctx(), "sum", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *acc = new ast_value(ctx(), "acc", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *i = new ast_value(ctx(), "i",   TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "exp", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
 
     body->m_locals.push_back(sum);
     body->m_locals.push_back(acc);
@@ -424,21 +424,21 @@ ast_expression *intrin::exp_() {
 
     /* sum = 1.0; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)sum,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+            sum,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
         )
     );
 
     /* acc = 1.0; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)acc,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+            acc,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
         )
     );
 
@@ -447,49 +447,49 @@ ast_expression *intrin::exp_() {
      *     sum += (acc *= x / i);
      */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_loop_new(
+        new ast_loop(
             ctx(),
             /* i = 1; */
-            (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+            new ast_store(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)i,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                i,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
             ),
             /* i < 200; */
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_LT,
-                (ast_expression*)i,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->constgen_float(200.0f, false)
+                i,
+                m_fold->constgen_float(200.0f, false)
             ),
             false,
             nullptr,
             false,
             /* ++i; */
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+            new ast_binstore(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
                 INSTR_ADD_F,
-                (ast_expression*)i,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                i,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
             ),
             /* sum += (acc *= (x / i)) */
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+            new ast_binstore(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
                 INSTR_ADD_F,
-                (ast_expression*)sum,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+                sum,
+                new ast_binstore(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_STORE_F,
                     INSTR_MUL_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)acc,
-                    (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                    acc,
+                    new ast_binary(
                         ctx(),
                         INSTR_DIV_F,
-                        (ast_expression*)x,
-                        (ast_expression*)i
+                        x,
+                        i
                     )
                 )
             )
@@ -498,15 +498,15 @@ ast_expression *intrin::exp_() {
 
     /* return sum; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)sum
+            sum
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::exp2_() {
@@ -516,27 +516,27 @@ ast_expression *intrin::exp2_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_call  *callpow = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("pow", "exp2"));
-    ast_value *arg1 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_call  *callpow = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("pow", "exp2"));
+    ast_value *arg1 = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "exp2", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(arg1);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(arg1);
 
-    callpow->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[3]);
-    callpow->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)arg1);
+    callpow->m_params.push_back(m_fold->m_imm_float[3]);
+    callpow->m_params.push_back(arg1);
 
     /* return <callpow> */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)callpow
+            callpow
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::expm1_() {
@@ -546,32 +546,32 @@ ast_expression *intrin::expm1_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_call *callexp = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("exp", "expm1"));
-    ast_value *x = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_call *callexp = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("exp", "expm1"));
+    ast_value *x = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "expm1", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(x);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(x);
 
     /* <callexp> = exp(x); */
-    callexp->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)x);
+    callexp->m_params.push_back(x);
 
     /* return <callexp> - 1; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_SUB_F,
-                (ast_expression*)callexp,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                callexp,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
             )
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
@@ -620,23 +620,23 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "pow", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
     /* prepare some calls for later */
-    ast_call *callpow1  = ast_call_new(ctx(), (ast_expression*)val);                  /* for pow(base, -exp)    */
-    ast_call *callpow2  = ast_call_new(ctx(), (ast_expression*)val);                  /* for pow(vase, exp / 2) */
-    ast_call *callsqrt1 = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("sqrt", "pow")); /* for sqrt(base)         */
-    ast_call *callsqrt2 = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("sqrt", "pow")); /* for sqrt(square)       */
-    ast_call *callfabs  = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("fabs", "pow")); /* for fabs(mid - exp)    */
+    ast_call *callpow1  = ast_call::make(ctx(), val);                  /* for pow(base, -exp)    */
+    ast_call *callpow2  = ast_call::make(ctx(), val);                  /* for pow(vase, exp / 2) */
+    ast_call *callsqrt1 = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("sqrt", "pow")); /* for sqrt(base)         */
+    ast_call *callsqrt2 = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("sqrt", "pow")); /* for sqrt(square)       */
+    ast_call *callfabs  = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("fabs", "pow")); /* for fabs(mid - exp)    */
 
     /* prepare some blocks for later */
-    ast_block *expgt1       = ast_block_new(ctx());
-    ast_block *midltexp     = ast_block_new(ctx());
-    ast_block *midltexpelse = ast_block_new(ctx());
-    ast_block *whileblock   = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_block *expgt1       = new ast_block(ctx());
+    ast_block *midltexp     = new ast_block(ctx());
+    ast_block *midltexpelse = new ast_block(ctx());
+    ast_block *whileblock   = new ast_block(ctx());
 
     /* float pow(float base, float exp) */
-    ast_value    *base = ast_value_new(ctx(), "base", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value    *exp  = ast_value_new(ctx(), "exp",  TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *base = new ast_value(ctx(), "base", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *exp  = new ast_value(ctx(), "exp",  TYPE_FLOAT);
     /* { */
-    ast_block    *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_block    *body = new ast_block(ctx());
 
     /*
      * float result;
@@ -646,12 +646,12 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      * float accumulate;
      * float mid;
      */
-    ast_value *result     = ast_value_new(ctx(), "result",     TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *low        = ast_value_new(ctx(), "low",        TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *high       = ast_value_new(ctx(), "high",       TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *square     = ast_value_new(ctx(), "square",     TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *accumulate = ast_value_new(ctx(), "accumulate", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *mid        = ast_value_new(ctx(), "mid",        TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *result     = new ast_value(ctx(), "result",     TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *low        = new ast_value(ctx(), "low",        TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *high       = new ast_value(ctx(), "high",       TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *square     = new ast_value(ctx(), "square",     TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *accumulate = new ast_value(ctx(), "accumulate", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *mid        = new ast_value(ctx(), "mid",        TYPE_FLOAT);
     body->m_locals.push_back(result);
     body->m_locals.push_back(low);
     body->m_locals.push_back(high);
@@ -659,25 +659,25 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
     body->m_locals.push_back(accumulate);
     body->m_locals.push_back(mid);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(base);
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(exp);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(base);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(exp);
 
     /*
      * if (exp == 0.0)
      *     return 1;
      */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(
+        new ast_ifthen(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_EQ_F,
-                (ast_expression*)exp,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                exp,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+            new ast_return(
                 ctx(),
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
             ),
             nullptr
         )
@@ -688,29 +688,29 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      *     return base;
      */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(
+        new ast_ifthen(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_EQ_F,
-                (ast_expression*)exp,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                exp,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+            new ast_return(
                 ctx(),
-                (ast_expression*)base
+                base
             ),
             nullptr
         )
     );
 
     /* <callpow1> = pow(base, -exp) */
-    callpow1->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)base);
+    callpow1->m_params.push_back(base);
     callpow1->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(
+        ast_unary::make(
             ctx(),
             VINSTR_NEG_F,
-            (ast_expression*)exp
+            exp
         )
     );
 
@@ -719,21 +719,21 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      *     return 1.0 / <callpow1>;
      */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(
+        new ast_ifthen(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_LT,
-                (ast_expression*)exp,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                exp,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+            new ast_return(
                 ctx(),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_DIV_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
-                    (ast_expression*)callpow1
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+                    callpow1
                 )
             ),
             nullptr
@@ -741,13 +741,13 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
     );
 
     /* <callpow2> = pow(base, exp / 2) */
-    callpow2->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)base);
+    callpow2->m_params.push_back(base);
     callpow2->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_DIV_F,
-            (ast_expression*)exp,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
+            exp,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
         )
     );
 
@@ -758,21 +758,21 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      * }
      */
     expgt1->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)result,
-            (ast_expression*)callpow2
+            result,
+            callpow2
         )
     );
     expgt1->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_MUL_F,
-                (ast_expression*)result,
-                (ast_expression*)result
+                result,
+                result
             )
         )
     );
@@ -783,15 +783,15 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      * }
      */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(
+        new ast_ifthen(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_GE,
-                (ast_expression*)exp,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                exp,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)expgt1,
+            expgt1,
             nullptr
         )
     );
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
     /*
      * <callsqrt1> = sqrt(base)
      */
-    callsqrt1->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)base);
+    callsqrt1->m_params.push_back(base);
 
     /*
      * low        = 0.0f;
@@ -809,48 +809,48 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      * mid        = high / 2.0f;
      */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(ctx(),
+        new ast_store(ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)low,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+            low,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
         )
     );
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)high,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+            high,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
         )
     );
 
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)square,
-            (ast_expression*)callsqrt1
+            square,
+            callsqrt1
         )
     );
 
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)accumulate,
-            (ast_expression*)square
+            accumulate,
+            square
         )
     );
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)mid,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            mid,
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_DIV_F,
-                (ast_expression*)high,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
+                high,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
             )
         )
     );
@@ -862,20 +862,20 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      * }
      */
     midltexp->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)low,
-            (ast_expression*)mid
+            low,
+            mid
         )
     );
     midltexp->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+        new ast_binstore(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
             INSTR_MUL_F,
-            (ast_expression*)accumulate,
-            (ast_expression*)square
+            accumulate,
+            square
         )
     );
 
@@ -886,24 +886,24 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      * }
      */
     midltexpelse->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)high,
-            (ast_expression*)mid
+            high,
+            mid
         )
     );
     midltexpelse->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+        new ast_binstore(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
             INSTR_MUL_F,
-            (ast_expression*)accumulate,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            accumulate,
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_DIV_F,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
-                (ast_expression*)square
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+                square
             )
         )
     );
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
     /*
      * <callsqrt2> = sqrt(square)
      */
-    callsqrt2->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)square);
+    callsqrt2->m_params.push_back(square);
 
     /*
      * <whileblock> = {
@@ -925,41 +925,41 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      * }
      */
     whileblock->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)square,
-            (ast_expression*)callsqrt2
+            square,
+            callsqrt2
         )
     );
     whileblock->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(
+        new ast_ifthen(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_LT,
-                (ast_expression*)mid,
-                (ast_expression*)exp
+                mid,
+                exp
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)midltexp,
-            (ast_expression*)midltexpelse
+            midltexp,
+            midltexpelse
         )
     );
     whileblock->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)mid,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            mid,
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_DIV_F,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_ADD_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)low,
-                    (ast_expression*)high
+                    low,
+                    high
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
             )
         )
     );
@@ -968,11 +968,11 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      * <callabs> = fabs(mid - exp)
      */
     callfabs->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_SUB_F,
-            (ast_expression*)mid,
-            (ast_expression*)exp
+            mid,
+            exp
         )
     );
 
@@ -981,16 +981,16 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
      *     <whileblock>
      */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_loop_new(
+        new ast_loop(
             ctx(),
             /* init */
             nullptr,
             /* pre condition */
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_GT,
-                (ast_expression*)callfabs,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->constgen_float(QC_POW_EPSILON, false)
+                callfabs,
+                m_fold->constgen_float(QC_POW_EPSILON, false)
             ),
             /* pre not */
             false,
@@ -1001,22 +1001,22 @@ ast_expression *intrin::pow_() {
             /* increment expression */
             nullptr,
             /* code block */
-            (ast_expression*)whileblock
+            whileblock
         )
     );
 
     /* return accumulate */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)accumulate
+            accumulate
         )
     );
 
     /* } */
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::mod_() {
@@ -1028,82 +1028,82 @@ ast_expression *intrin::mod_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value    *val = nullptr;
-    ast_call     *call  = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("floor", "mod"));
-    ast_value    *a     = ast_value_new(ctx(), "a",    TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value    *b     = ast_value_new(ctx(), "b",    TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value    *div   = ast_value_new(ctx(), "div",  TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value    *sign  = ast_value_new(ctx(), "sign", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block    *body  = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_call     *call  = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("floor", "mod"));
+    ast_value    *a     = new ast_value(ctx(), "a",    TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *b     = new ast_value(ctx(), "b",    TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *div   = new ast_value(ctx(), "div",  TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *sign  = new ast_value(ctx(), "sign", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block    *body  = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func  = value(&val, "mod", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(a);
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(b);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(a);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(b);
 
     body->m_locals.push_back(div);
     body->m_locals.push_back(sign);
 
     /* div = a / b; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)div,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            div,
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_DIV_F,
-                (ast_expression*)a,
-                (ast_expression*)b
+                a,
+                b
             )
         )
     );
 
     /* sign = (div < 0.0f) ? -1 : 1; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)sign,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(
+            sign,
+            new ast_ternary(
                 ctx(),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_LT,
-                    (ast_expression*)div,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                    div,
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[2],
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[2],
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
             )
         )
     );
 
     /* floor(sign * div) */
     call->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_MUL_F,
-            (ast_expression*)sign,
-            (ast_expression*)div
+            sign,
+            div
         )
     );
 
     /* return a - b * sign * <call> */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_SUB_F,
-                (ast_expression*)a,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                a,
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_MUL_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)b,
-                    (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                    b,
+                    new ast_binary(
                         ctx(),
                         INSTR_MUL_F,
-                        (ast_expression*)sign,
-                        (ast_expression*)call
+                        sign,
+                        call
                     )
                 )
             )
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ ast_expression *intrin::mod_() {
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::fabs_() {
@@ -1122,36 +1122,36 @@ ast_expression *intrin::fabs_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value    *val  = nullptr;
-    ast_value    *arg1   = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block    *body   = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value    *arg1   = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block    *body   = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func   = value(&val, "fabs", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(
+            new ast_ternary(
                 ctx(),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_LE,
-                    (ast_expression*)arg1,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                    arg1,
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(
+                ast_unary::make(
                     ctx(),
                     VINSTR_NEG_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)arg1
+                    arg1
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)arg1
+                arg1
             )
         )
     );
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(arg1);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(arg1);
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::epsilon_() {
@@ -1163,67 +1163,67 @@ ast_expression *intrin::epsilon_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value    *val  = nullptr;
-    ast_value    *eps    = ast_value_new(ctx(), "eps", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block    *body   = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_value    *eps    = new ast_value(ctx(), "eps", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block    *body   = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func   = value(&val, "epsilon", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
     body->m_locals.push_back(eps);
 
     /* eps = 1.0f; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)eps,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+            eps,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
         )
     );
 
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_loop_new(
+        new ast_loop(
             ctx(),
             nullptr,
             nullptr,
             false,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_NE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_ADD_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
-                    (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+                    new ast_binary(
                         ctx(),
                         INSTR_MUL_F,
-                        (ast_expression*)eps,
-                        (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
+                        eps,
+                        m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
                     )
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
             ),
             false,
             nullptr,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+            new ast_binstore(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
                 INSTR_DIV_F,
-                (ast_expression*)eps,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
+                eps,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
             )
         )
     );
 
     /* return eps; */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)eps
+            eps
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::nan_() {
@@ -1234,36 +1234,36 @@ ast_expression *intrin::nan_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value    *val  = nullptr;
-    ast_value    *x      = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *x      = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
     ast_function *func   = value(&val, "nan", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block    *block  = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_block    *block  = new ast_block(ctx());
 
     block->m_locals.push_back(x);
 
     block->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)x,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+            x,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
         )
     );
 
     block->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_DIV_F,
-                (ast_expression*)x,
-                (ast_expression*)x
+                x,
+                x
             )
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(block);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::inf_() {
@@ -1275,10 +1275,10 @@ ast_expression *intrin::inf_() {
      * }
      */
     ast_value    *val  = nullptr;
-    ast_value    *x      = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value    *y      = ast_value_new(ctx(), "y", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *x      = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value    *y      = new ast_value(ctx(), "y", TYPE_FLOAT);
     ast_function *func   = value(&val, "inf", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block    *block  = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_block    *block  = new ast_block(ctx());
     size_t        i;
 
     block->m_locals.push_back(x);
@@ -1287,30 +1287,30 @@ ast_expression *intrin::inf_() {
     /* to keep code size down */
     for (i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
         block->m_exprs.push_back(
-            (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+            new ast_store(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)((i == 0) ? x : y),
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[i]
+                ((i == 0) ? x : y),
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[i]
             )
         );
     }
 
     block->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_DIV_F,
-                (ast_expression*)x,
-                (ast_expression*)y
+                x,
+                y
             )
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(block);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
@@ -1380,34 +1380,34 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
      */
 
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_value *power = ast_value_new(ctx(), "power", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *base = ast_value_new(ctx(), "base",TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *whole= ast_value_new(ctx(), "whole", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *nth = ast_value_new(ctx(), "nth", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *sign = ast_value_new(ctx(), "sign", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *A_i = ast_value_new(ctx(), "A_i", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *B_i = ast_value_new(ctx(), "B_i", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *A_iminus1 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "A_iminus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *B_iminus1 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "B_iminus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *b_iplus1 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "b_iplus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *A_iplus1 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "A_iplus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *B_iplus1 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "B_iplus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *eps = ast_value_new(ctx(), "eps", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *base2 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "base2", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *n2 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "n2",TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *newbase2 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "newbase2", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *block = ast_block_new(ctx());
-    ast_block *plt1orblt1 = ast_block_new(ctx()); // (power <= 1.0f || base <= 1.0f)
-    ast_block *plt1 = ast_block_new(ctx()); // (power < 1.0f)
-    ast_block *blt1 = ast_block_new(ctx()); // (base< 1.0f)
-    ast_block *forloop = ast_block_new(ctx()); // for(;;)
-    ast_block *whileloop = ast_block_new(ctx()); // while (whole >= base)
-    ast_block *nestwhile= ast_block_new(ctx()); // while (whole >= newbase2)
+    ast_value *power = new ast_value(ctx(), "power", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *base = new ast_value(ctx(), "base",TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *whole= new ast_value(ctx(), "whole", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *nth = new ast_value(ctx(), "nth", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *sign = new ast_value(ctx(), "sign", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *A_i = new ast_value(ctx(), "A_i", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *B_i = new ast_value(ctx(), "B_i", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *A_iminus1 = new ast_value(ctx(), "A_iminus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *B_iminus1 = new ast_value(ctx(), "B_iminus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *b_iplus1 = new ast_value(ctx(), "b_iplus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *A_iplus1 = new ast_value(ctx(), "A_iplus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *B_iplus1 = new ast_value(ctx(), "B_iplus1", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *eps = new ast_value(ctx(), "eps", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *base2 = new ast_value(ctx(), "base2", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *n2 = new ast_value(ctx(), "n2",TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *newbase2 = new ast_value(ctx(), "newbase2", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *block = new ast_block(ctx());
+    ast_block *plt1orblt1 = new ast_block(ctx()); // (power <= 1.0f || base <= 1.0f)
+    ast_block *plt1 = new ast_block(ctx()); // (power < 1.0f)
+    ast_block *blt1 = new ast_block(ctx()); // (base< 1.0f)
+    ast_block *forloop = new ast_block(ctx()); // for(;;)
+    ast_block *whileloop = new ast_block(ctx()); // while (whole >= base)
+    ast_block *nestwhile= new ast_block(ctx()); // while (whole >= newbase2)
     ast_function *func = value(&val, "ln", TYPE_FLOAT);
     size_t i;
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(power);
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(base);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(power);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(base);
 
     block->m_locals.push_back(whole);
     block->m_locals.push_back(nth);
@@ -1420,21 +1420,21 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
 
     /* sign = 1.0f; */
     block->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)sign,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+            sign,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
         )
     );
 
     /* eps = __builtin_epsilon(); */
     block->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)eps,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_call_new(
+            eps,
+            ast_call::make(
                 ctx(),
                 func_self("__builtin_epsilon", "ln")
             )
@@ -1451,12 +1451,12 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
         int j;
         for (j = 1; j >= 0; j--) {
             block->m_exprs.push_back(
-                (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+                new ast_store(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_STORE_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)((j) ? ((i) ? B_iminus1 : A_i)
+                    ((j) ? ((i) ? B_iminus1 : A_i)
                                           : ((i) ? A_iminus1 : B_i)),
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[j]
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[j]
                 )
             );
         }
@@ -1474,25 +1474,25 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
      */
     for (i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
         ((i) ? blt1 : plt1)->m_exprs.push_back(
-            (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+            new ast_store(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? base : power),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                ((i) ? base : power),
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_DIV_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
-                    (ast_expression*)((i) ? base : power)
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+                    ((i) ? base : power)
                 )
             )
         );
         plt1->m_exprs.push_back(
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+            new ast_binstore(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
                 INSTR_MUL_F,
-                (ast_expression*)sign,
-                (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[2]
+                sign,
+                m_fold->m_imm_float[2]
             )
         );
     }
@@ -1508,27 +1508,27 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
      * }
      */
     plt1orblt1->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(
+        new ast_ifthen(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_OR,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_LE,
-                    (ast_expression*)power,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                    power,
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_LE,
-                    (ast_expression*)base,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+                    base,
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
                 )
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+            new ast_return(
                 ctx(),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_call_new(
+                ast_call::make(
                     ctx(),
                     func_self("__builtin_nan", "ln")
                 )
@@ -1539,74 +1539,74 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
 
     for (i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
         plt1orblt1->m_exprs.push_back(
-            (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(
+            new ast_ifthen(
                 ctx(),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_LT,
-                    (ast_expression*)((i) ? base : power),
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+                    ((i) ? base : power),
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
                 ),
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? blt1 : plt1),
+                ((i) ? blt1 : plt1),
                 nullptr
             )
         );
     }
 
-    block->m_exprs.push_back((ast_expression*)plt1orblt1);
+    block->m_exprs.push_back(plt1orblt1);
 
 
     /* whole = power; */
     forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)whole,
-            (ast_expression*)power
+            whole,
+            power
         )
     );
 
     /* nth = 0.0f; */
     forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)nth,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
+            nth,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[0]
         )
     );
 
     /* base2 = base; */
     whileloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)base2,
-            (ast_expression*)base
+            base2,
+            base
         )
     );
 
     /* n2 = 1.0f; */
     whileloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)n2,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
+            n2,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[1]
         )
     );
 
     /* newbase2 = base2 * base2; */
     whileloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)newbase2,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            newbase2,
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_MUL_F,
-                (ast_expression*)base2,
-                (ast_expression*)base2
+                base2,
+                base2
             )
         )
     );
@@ -1618,93 +1618,93 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
 
     /* base2 = newbase2; */
     nestwhile->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)base2,
-            (ast_expression*)newbase2
+            base2,
+            newbase2
         )
     );
 
     /* n2 *= 2; */
     nestwhile->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+        new ast_binstore(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
             INSTR_MUL_F,
-            (ast_expression*)n2,
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
+            n2,
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[3] /* 2.0f */
         )
     );
 
     /* newbase2 *= newbase2; */
     nestwhile->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+        new ast_binstore(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
             INSTR_MUL_F,
-            (ast_expression*)newbase2,
-            (ast_expression*)newbase2
+            newbase2,
+            newbase2
         )
     );
 
     /* while (whole >= newbase2) */
     whileloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_loop_new(
+        new ast_loop(
             ctx(),
             nullptr,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_GE,
-                (ast_expression*)whole,
-                (ast_expression*)newbase2
+                whole,
+                newbase2
             ),
             false,
             nullptr,
             false,
             nullptr,
-            (ast_expression*)nestwhile
+            nestwhile
         )
     );
 
     /* whole /= base2; */
     whileloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+        new ast_binstore(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
             INSTR_DIV_F,
-            (ast_expression*)whole,
-            (ast_expression*)base2
+            whole,
+            base2
         )
     );
 
     /* nth += n2; */
     whileloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(
+        new ast_binstore(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
             INSTR_ADD_F,
-            (ast_expression*)nth,
-            (ast_expression*)n2
+            nth,
+            n2
         )
     );
 
     /* while (whole >= base) */
     forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_loop_new(
+        new ast_loop(
             ctx(),
             nullptr,
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_GE,
-                (ast_expression*)whole,
-                (ast_expression*)base
+                whole,
+                base
             ),
             false,
             nullptr,
             false,
             nullptr,
-            (ast_expression*)whileloop
+            whileloop
         )
     );
 
@@ -1714,11 +1714,11 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
 
     /* b_iplus1 = nth; */
     forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        new ast_store(
             ctx(),
             INSTR_STORE_F,
-            (ast_expression*)b_iplus1,
-            (ast_expression*)nth
+            b_iplus1,
+            nth
         )
     );
 
@@ -1728,20 +1728,20 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
      */
     for (i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
         forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-            (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+            new ast_store(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? B_iplus1 : A_iplus1),
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                ((i) ? B_iplus1 : A_iplus1),
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_ADD_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                    new ast_binary(
                         ctx(),
                         INSTR_MUL_F,
-                        (ast_expression*)b_iplus1,
-                        (ast_expression*) ((i) ? B_i : A_i)
+                        b_iplus1,
+                         ((i) ? B_i : A_i)
                     ),
-                    (ast_expression*)((i) ? B_iminus1 : A_iminus1)
+                    ((i) ? B_iminus1 : A_iminus1)
                 )
             )
         );
@@ -1753,11 +1753,11 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
      */
     for (i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
         forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-            (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+            new ast_store(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? B_iminus1 : A_iminus1),
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? B_i       : A_i)
+                ((i) ? B_iminus1 : A_iminus1),
+                ((i) ? B_i       : A_i)
             )
         );
     }
@@ -1768,11 +1768,11 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
      */
     for (i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
         forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-            (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+            new ast_store(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? B_i      : A_i),
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? B_iplus1 : A_iplus1)
+                ((i) ? B_i      : A_i),
+                ((i) ? B_iplus1 : A_iplus1)
             )
         );
     }
@@ -1782,20 +1782,20 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
      *     break;
      */
     forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(
+        new ast_ifthen(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_LE,
-                (ast_expression*)whole,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                whole,
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_ADD_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
-                    (ast_expression*)eps
+                    m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+                    eps
                 )
             ),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_breakcont_new(
+            new ast_breakcont(
                 ctx(),
                 false,
                 0
@@ -1810,43 +1810,43 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
      */
     for (i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
         forloop->m_exprs.push_back(
-            (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+            new ast_store(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_STORE_F,
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? base  : power),
-                (ast_expression*)((i) ? whole : base)
+                ((i) ? base  : power),
+                ((i) ? whole : base)
             )
         );
     }
 
     /* add the for loop block */
     block->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_loop_new(
+        new ast_loop(
             ctx(),
             nullptr,
             /* for(; 1; ) ?? (can this be nullptr too?) */
-            (ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
+            m_fold->m_imm_float[1],
             false,
             nullptr,
             false,
             nullptr,
-            (ast_expression*)forloop
+            forloop
         )
     );
 
     /* return sign * A_i / B_il */
     block->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+            new ast_binary(
                 ctx(),
                 INSTR_MUL_F,
-                (ast_expression*)sign,
-                (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+                sign,
+                new ast_binary(
                     ctx(),
                     INSTR_DIV_F,
-                    (ast_expression*)A_i,
-                    (ast_expression*)B_i
+                    A_i,
+                    B_i
                 )
             )
         )
@@ -1854,31 +1854,31 @@ ast_expression *intrin::ln_() {
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(block);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::log_variant(const char *name, float base) {
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_call *callln = ast_call_new (ctx(), func_self("__builtin_ln", name));
-    ast_value *arg1 = ast_value_new(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_call *callln = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("__builtin_ln", name));
+    ast_value *arg1 = new ast_value(ctx(), "x", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, name, TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(arg1);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(arg1);
 
-    callln->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)arg1);
-    callln->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)m_fold->constgen_float(base, false));
+    callln->m_params.push_back(arg1);
+    callln->m_params.push_back(m_fold->constgen_float(base, false));
 
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)callln
+            callln
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::log_() {
@@ -1901,41 +1901,41 @@ ast_expression *intrin::shift_variant(const char *name, size_t instr) {
      *   return floor(a [instr] pow(2, b));
      */
     ast_value *val = nullptr;
-    ast_call *callpow = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("pow", name));
-    ast_call *callfloor = ast_call_new(ctx(), func_self("floor", name));
-    ast_value *a = ast_value_new(ctx(), "a", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_value *b = ast_value_new(ctx(), "b", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    ast_block *body = ast_block_new(ctx());
+    ast_call *callpow = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("pow", name));
+    ast_call *callfloor = ast_call::make(ctx(), func_self("floor", name));
+    ast_value *a = new ast_value(ctx(), "a", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_value *b = new ast_value(ctx(), "b", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    ast_block *body = new ast_block(ctx());
     ast_function *func = value(&val, name, TYPE_FLOAT);
 
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(a);
-    val->m_type_params.push_back(b);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(a);
+    val->m_type_params.emplace_back(b);
 
     /* <callpow> = pow(2, b) */
-    callpow->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)m_fold->m_imm_float[3]);
-    callpow->m_params.push_back((ast_expression*)b);
+    callpow->m_params.push_back(m_fold->m_imm_float[3]);
+    callpow->m_params.push_back(b);
 
     /* <callfloor> = floor(a [instr] <callpow>) */
     callfloor->m_params.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(
+        new ast_binary(
             ctx(),
             instr,
-            (ast_expression*)a,
-            (ast_expression*)callpow
+            a,
+            callpow
         )
     );
 
     /* return <callfloor> */
     body->m_exprs.push_back(
-        (ast_expression*)ast_return_new(
+        new ast_return(
             ctx(),
-            (ast_expression*)callfloor
+            callfloor
         )
     );
 
     func->m_blocks.emplace_back(body);
     reg(val, func);
-    return (ast_expression*)val;
+    return val;
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::lshift() {
@@ -1998,14 +1998,14 @@ intrin::intrin(parser_t *parser)
 }
 
 ast_expression *intrin::do_fold(ast_value *val, ast_expression **exprs) {
-    if (!val || !val->m_name)
+    if (!val || !val->m_name.length())
         return nullptr;
     static constexpr size_t kPrefixLength = 10; // "__builtin_"
     for (auto &it : m_intrinsics) {
-        if (!strcmp(val->m_name, it.name))
+        if (val->m_name == it.name)
             return (vec_size(exprs) != it.args)
                         ? nullptr
-                        : m_fold->intrinsic(val->m_name + kPrefixLength, exprs);
+                        : m_fold->intrinsic(val->m_name.c_str() + kPrefixLength, exprs);
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -2027,7 +2027,7 @@ ast_expression *intrin::func_self(const char *name, const char *from) {
     /* try current first */
     if ((find = parser_find_global(m_parser, name)) && ((ast_value*)find)->m_vtype == TYPE_FUNCTION)
         for (auto &it : m_parser->functions)
-            if (((ast_value*)find)->m_name && !strcmp(it->m_name, ((ast_value*)find)->m_name) && it->m_builtin < 0)
+            if (reinterpret_cast<ast_value*>(find)->m_name.length() && it->m_name == reinterpret_cast<ast_value*>(find)->m_name && it->m_builtin < 0)
                 return find;
     /* try name second */
     if ((find = func_try(offsetof(intrin_func_t, name),  name)))
index fcb782c7ab04a0ad1458844571c869fce595b3a8..fd29f008f8f78876dc2382b9cbedeb0ed2bc6911 100644 (file)
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 static void parser_enterblock(parser_t *parser);
 static bool parser_leaveblock(parser_t *parser);
 static void parser_addlocal(parser_t *parser, const char *name, ast_expression *e);
+static void parser_addlocal(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, ast_expression *e);
 static void parser_addglobal(parser_t *parser, const char *name, ast_expression *e);
+static void parser_addglobal(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, ast_expression *e);
 static bool parse_typedef(parser_t *parser);
 static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofields, int qualifier, ast_value *cached_typedef, bool noref, bool is_static, uint32_t qflags, char *vstring);
 static ast_block* parse_block(parser_t *parser);
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ static ast_value* parser_create_array_setter_proto(parser_t *parser, ast_value *
 static ast_value* parser_create_array_getter_proto(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, const ast_expression *elemtype, const char *funcname);
 static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_value *cached_typedef, bool *is_vararg);
 
-static void parseerror(parser_t *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
+static void parseerror_(parser_t *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list ap;
     va_start(ap, fmt);
@@ -34,8 +36,13 @@ static void parseerror(parser_t *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
     va_end(ap);
 }
 
-/* returns true if it counts as an error */
-static bool GMQCC_WARN parsewarning(parser_t *parser, int warntype, const char *fmt, ...)
+template<typename... Ts>
+static inline void parseerror(parser_t *parser, const char *fmt, const Ts&... ts) {
+    return parseerror_(parser, fmt, formatNormalize(ts)...);
+}
+
+// returns true if it counts as an error
+static bool GMQCC_WARN parsewarning_(parser_t *parser, int warntype, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     bool    r;
     va_list ap;
@@ -45,6 +52,11 @@ static bool GMQCC_WARN parsewarning(parser_t *parser, int warntype, const char *
     return r;
 }
 
+template<typename... Ts>
+static inline bool GMQCC_WARN parsewarning(parser_t *parser, int warntype, const char *fmt, const Ts&... ts) {
+    return parsewarning_(parser, warntype, fmt, formatNormalize(ts)...);
+}
+
 /**********************************************************************
  * parsing
  */
@@ -76,18 +88,23 @@ char *parser_strdup(const char *str)
     return util_strdup(str);
 }
 
-static ast_expression* parser_find_field(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
-{
-    return ( ast_expression*)util_htget(parser->htfields, name);
+static ast_expression* parser_find_field(parser_t *parser, const char *name) {
+    return (ast_expression*)util_htget(parser->htfields, name);
+}
+static ast_expression* parser_find_field(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name) {
+    return parser_find_field(parser, name.c_str());
 }
 
 static ast_expression* parser_find_label(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
 {
     for (auto &it : parser->labels)
-        if (!strcmp(it->m_name, name))
-            return (ast_expression*)it;
+        if (it->m_name == name)
+            return it;
     return nullptr;
 }
+static inline ast_expression* parser_find_label(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name) {
+    return parser_find_label(parser, name.c_str());
+}
 
 ast_expression* parser_find_global(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
 {
@@ -97,6 +114,10 @@ ast_expression* parser_find_global(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
     return (ast_expression*)util_htget(parser->htglobals, name);
 }
 
+ast_expression* parser_find_global(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name) {
+    return parser_find_global(parser, name.c_str());
+}
+
 static ast_expression* parser_find_param(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
 {
     ast_value *fun;
@@ -104,8 +125,8 @@ static ast_expression* parser_find_param(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
         return nullptr;
     fun = parser->function->m_function_type;
     for (auto &it : fun->m_type_params) {
-        if (!strcmp(it->m_name, name))
-            return (ast_expression*)it;
+        if (it->m_name == name)
+            return it.get();
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -127,6 +148,10 @@ static ast_expression* parser_find_local(parser_t *parser, const char *name, siz
     return parser_find_param(parser, name);
 }
 
+static ast_expression* parser_find_local(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, size_t upto, bool *isparam) {
+    return parser_find_local(parser, name.c_str(), upto, isparam);
+}
+
 static ast_expression* parser_find_var(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
 {
     bool dummy;
@@ -136,6 +161,10 @@ static ast_expression* parser_find_var(parser_t *parser, const char *name)
     return v;
 }
 
+static inline ast_expression* parser_find_var(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name) {
+    return parser_find_var(parser, name.c_str());
+}
+
 static ast_value* parser_find_typedef(parser_t *parser, const char *name, size_t upto)
 {
     size_t     i, hash;
@@ -150,6 +179,10 @@ static ast_value* parser_find_typedef(parser_t *parser, const char *name, size_t
     return nullptr;
 }
 
+static ast_value* parser_find_typedef(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, size_t upto) {
+    return parser_find_typedef(parser, name.c_str(), upto);
+}
+
 struct sy_elem {
     size_t etype; /* 0 = expression, others are operators */
     bool isparen;
@@ -189,7 +222,7 @@ static sy_elem syblock(lex_ctx_t ctx, ast_block *v) {
     sy_elem e;
     e.etype = 0;
     e.off   = 0;
-    e.out   = (ast_expression*)v;
+    e.out   = v;
     e.block = v;
     e.ctx   = ctx;
     e.isparen = false;
@@ -249,13 +282,13 @@ static bool rotate_entfield_array_index_nodes(ast_expression **out)
 
     oldindex = index;
 
-    index = ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)field, sub);
-    entfield = ast_entfield_new(ctx, entity, (ast_expression*)index);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)entfield;
+    index = ast_array_index::make(ctx, field, sub);
+    entfield = new ast_entfield(ctx, entity, index);
+    *out = entfield;
 
     oldindex->m_array = nullptr;
     oldindex->m_index = nullptr;
-    ast_delete(oldindex);
+    delete oldindex;
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -360,12 +393,12 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR &&
                 exprs[1]->m_vtype == TYPE_NOEXPR)
             {
-                if      (exprs[1] == (ast_expression*)parser->const_vec[0])
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_member_new(ctx, exprs[0], 0, nullptr);
-                else if (exprs[1] == (ast_expression*)parser->const_vec[1])
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_member_new(ctx, exprs[0], 1, nullptr);
-                else if (exprs[1] == (ast_expression*)parser->const_vec[2])
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_member_new(ctx, exprs[0], 2, nullptr);
+                if      (exprs[1] == parser->const_vec[0])
+                    out = ast_member::make(ctx, exprs[0], 0, "");
+                else if (exprs[1] == parser->const_vec[1])
+                    out = ast_member::make(ctx, exprs[0], 1, "");
+                else if (exprs[1] == parser->const_vec[2])
+                    out = ast_member::make(ctx, exprs[0], 2, "");
                 else {
                     compile_error(ctx, "access to invalid vector component");
                     return false;
@@ -376,7 +409,7 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                     compile_error(exprs[1]->m_context, "type error: right hand of member-operand should be an entity-field");
                     return false;
                 }
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_entfield_new(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                out = new ast_entfield(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             }
             else if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
                 compile_error(exprs[1]->m_context, "vectors cannot be accessed this way");
@@ -402,7 +435,7 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 compile_error(exprs[1]->m_context, "index must be of type float, not %s", ty1);
                 return false;
             }
-            out = (ast_expression*)ast_array_index_new(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+            out = ast_array_index::make(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             rotate_entfield_array_index_nodes(&out);
             break;
 
@@ -414,17 +447,17 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 return true;
             }
             if (blocks[0]) {
-                if (!ast_block_add_expr(blocks[0], exprs[1]))
+                if (!blocks[0]->addExpr(exprs[1]))
                     return false;
             } else {
-                blocks[0] = ast_block_new(ctx);
-                if (!ast_block_add_expr(blocks[0], exprs[0]) ||
-                    !ast_block_add_expr(blocks[0], exprs[1]))
+                blocks[0] = new ast_block(ctx);
+                if (!blocks[0]->addExpr(exprs[0]) ||
+                    !blocks[0]->addExpr(exprs[1]))
                 {
                     return false;
                 }
             }
-            ast_block_set_type(blocks[0], exprs[1]);
+            blocks[0]->setType(*exprs[1]);
 
             sy->out.push_back(syblock(ctx, blocks[0]));
             return true;
@@ -443,32 +476,32 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 return false;
             }
             if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, VINSTR_NEG_F, exprs[0]);
+                out = ast_unary::make(ctx, VINSTR_NEG_F, exprs[0]);
             else
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, VINSTR_NEG_V, exprs[0]);
+                out = ast_unary::make(ctx, VINSTR_NEG_V, exprs[0]);
             break;
 
         case opid2('!','P'):
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                     case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, exprs[0]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     case TYPE_VECTOR:
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_V, exprs[0]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_V, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     case TYPE_STRING:
                         if (OPTS_FLAG(TRUE_EMPTY_STRINGS))
-                            out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, exprs[0]);
+                            out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, exprs[0]);
                         else
-                            out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_S, exprs[0]);
+                            out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_S, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     /* we don't constant-fold NOT for these types */
                     case TYPE_ENTITY:
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_ENT, exprs[0]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_ENT, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     case TYPE_FUNCTION:
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_FNC, exprs[0]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_FNC, exprs[0]);
                         break;
                     default:
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot logically negate type %s",
@@ -595,11 +628,11 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 ast_call       *call = nullptr;
                 if (!mod) return false; /* can return null for missing floor */
 
-                call = ast_call_new(parser_ctx(parser), mod);
+                call = ast_call::make(parser_ctx(parser), mod);
                 call->m_params.push_back(exprs[0]);
                 call->m_params.push_back(exprs[1]);
 
-                out = (ast_expression*)call;
+                out = call;
             }
             break;
 
@@ -662,10 +695,10 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
 
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 ast_expression *shift = parser->m_intrin.func((op->id == opid2('<','<')) ? "__builtin_lshift" : "__builtin_rshift");
-                ast_call *call  = ast_call_new(parser_ctx(parser), shift);
+                ast_call *call  = ast_call::make(parser_ctx(parser), shift);
                 call->m_params.push_back(exprs[0]);
                 call->m_params.push_back(exprs[1]);
-                out = (ast_expression*)call;
+                out = call;
             }
             break;
 
@@ -680,14 +713,14 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
 
             if(!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 ast_expression *shift = parser->m_intrin.func((op->id == opid3('<','<','=')) ? "__builtin_lshift" : "__builtin_rshift");
-                ast_call *call  = ast_call_new(parser_ctx(parser), shift);
+                ast_call *call  = ast_call::make(parser_ctx(parser), shift);
                 call->m_params.push_back(exprs[0]);
                 call->m_params.push_back(exprs[1]);
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+                out = new ast_store(
                     parser_ctx(parser),
                     INSTR_STORE_F,
                     exprs[0],
-                    (ast_expression*)call
+                    call
                 );
             }
 
@@ -698,7 +731,7 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         case opid2('&','&'):
             generated_op += INSTR_AND;
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC) && !ast_compare_type(exprs[0], exprs[1])) {
+                if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC) && !exprs[0]->compareType(*exprs[1])) {
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types for logical operation with -fperl-logic: %s and %s", ty1, ty2);
@@ -706,9 +739,9 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 }
                 for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
                     if (OPTS_FLAG(CORRECT_LOGIC) && exprs[i]->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR) {
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_V, exprs[i]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_V, exprs[i]);
                         if (!out) break;
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, out);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, out);
                         if (!out) break;
                         exprs[i] = out; out = nullptr;
                         if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC)) {
@@ -717,9 +750,9 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                         }
                     }
                     else if (OPTS_FLAG(FALSE_EMPTY_STRINGS) && exprs[i]->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING) {
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_S, exprs[i]);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_S, exprs[i]);
                         if (!out) break;
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, out);
+                        out = ast_unary::make(ctx, INSTR_NOT_F, out);
                         if (!out) break;
                         exprs[i] = out; out = nullptr;
                         if (OPTS_FLAG(PERL_LOGIC)) {
@@ -738,14 +771,14 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 return false;
             }
             sy->paren.pop_back();
-            if (!ast_compare_type(exprs[1], exprs[2])) {
+            if (!exprs[1]->compareType(*exprs[2])) {
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                 ast_type_to_string(exprs[2], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                 compile_error(ctx, "operands of ternary expression must have the same type, got %s and %s", ty1, ty2);
                 return false;
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs)))
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1], exprs[2]);
+                out = new ast_ternary(ctx, exprs[0], exprs[1], exprs[2]);
             break;
 
         case opid2('*', '*'):
@@ -758,10 +791,10 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             }
 
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
-                ast_call *gencall = ast_call_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser->m_intrin.func("pow"));
+                ast_call *gencall = ast_call::make(parser_ctx(parser), parser->m_intrin.func("pow"));
                 gencall->m_params.push_back(exprs[0]);
                 gencall->m_params.push_back(exprs[1]);
-                out = (ast_expression*)gencall;
+                out = gencall;
             }
             break;
 
@@ -797,23 +830,23 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
 
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 /* This whole block is NOT fold_binary safe */
-                ast_binary *eq = ast_binary_new(ctx, INSTR_EQ_F, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                ast_binary *eq = new ast_binary(ctx, INSTR_EQ_F, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
 
                 eq->m_refs = AST_REF_NONE;
 
                     /* if (lt) { */
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(ctx,
-                        (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(ctx, INSTR_LT, exprs[0], exprs[1]),
+                out = new ast_ternary(ctx,
+                        new ast_binary(ctx, INSTR_LT, exprs[0], exprs[1]),
                         /* out = -1 */
-                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(2),
+                        parser->m_fold.imm_float(2),
                     /* } else { */
                         /* if (eq) { */
-                        (ast_expression*)ast_ternary_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)eq,
+                        new ast_ternary(ctx, eq,
                             /* out = 0 */
-                            (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(0),
+                            parser->m_fold.imm_float(0),
                         /* } else { */
                             /* out = 1 */
-                            (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1)
+                            parser->m_fold.imm_float(1)
                         /* } */
                         )
                     /* } */
@@ -871,7 +904,7 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 }
                 else
                     assignop = type_storep_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
-                if (assignop == VINSTR_END || !ast_compare_type(field->m_next, exprs[1]))
+                if (assignop == VINSTR_END || !field->m_next->compareType(*exprs[1]))
                 {
                     ast_type_to_string(field->m_next, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
@@ -903,7 +936,7 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types in assignment: cannot assign %s to %s", ty2, ty1);
                 }
-                else if (!ast_compare_type(exprs[0], exprs[1]))
+                else if (!exprs[0]->compareType(*exprs[1]))
                 {
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[0], ty1, sizeof(ty1));
                     ast_type_to_string(exprs[1], ty2, sizeof(ty2));
@@ -922,7 +955,7 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             /* When we're a vector of part of an entity field we use STOREP */
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_member) && ast_istype(((ast_member*)exprs[0])->m_owner, ast_entfield))
                 assignop = INSTR_STOREP_F;
-            out = (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(ctx, assignop, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+            out = new ast_store(ctx, assignop, exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             break;
         case opid3('+','+','P'):
         case opid3('-','-','P'):
@@ -938,13 +971,13 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 addop = INSTR_SUB_F;
             (void)check_write_to(exprs[0]->m_context, exprs[0]);
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield)) {
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F, addop,
-                                                        exprs[0],
-                                                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F, addop,
+                                       exprs[0],
+                                       parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
             } else {
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, INSTR_STORE_F, addop,
-                                                        exprs[0],
-                                                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, INSTR_STORE_F, addop,
+                                       exprs[0],
+                                       parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
             }
             break;
         case opid3('S','+','+'):
@@ -964,19 +997,19 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             }
             (void)check_write_to(exprs[0]->m_context, exprs[0]);
             if (ast_istype(exprs[0], ast_entfield)) {
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F, addop,
-                                                        exprs[0],
-                                                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F, addop,
+                                       exprs[0],
+                                       parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
             } else {
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, INSTR_STORE_F, addop,
-                                                        exprs[0],
-                                                        (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, INSTR_STORE_F, addop,
+                                       exprs[0],
+                                       parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
             }
             if (!out)
                 return false;
             out = fold::binary(ctx, subop,
                               out,
-                              (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
+                              parser->m_fold.imm_float(1));
 
             break;
         case opid2('+','='):
@@ -997,14 +1030,14 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
             switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                 case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                            (op->id == opid2('+','=') ? INSTR_ADD_F : INSTR_SUB_F),
-                                                            exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                    out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                           (op->id == opid2('+','=') ? INSTR_ADD_F : INSTR_SUB_F),
+                                           exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                     break;
                 case TYPE_VECTOR:
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                            (op->id == opid2('+','=') ? INSTR_ADD_V : INSTR_SUB_V),
-                                                            exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                    out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                           (op->id == opid2('+','=') ? INSTR_ADD_V : INSTR_SUB_V),
+                                           exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                     break;
                 default:
                     compile_error(ctx, "invalid types used in expression: cannot add or subtract type %s and %s",
@@ -1032,24 +1065,24 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
             switch (exprs[0]->m_vtype) {
                 case TYPE_FLOAT:
-                    out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                            (op->id == opid2('*','=') ? INSTR_MUL_F : INSTR_DIV_F),
-                                                            exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                    out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                           (op->id == opid2('*','=') ? INSTR_MUL_F : INSTR_DIV_F),
+                                           exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                     break;
                 case TYPE_VECTOR:
                     if (op->id == opid2('*','=')) {
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop, INSTR_MUL_VF,
-                                                                exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                        out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop, INSTR_MUL_VF,
+                                               exprs[0], exprs[1]);
                     } else {
                         out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_DIV_F,
-                                         (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(1),
+                                         parser->m_fold.imm_float(1),
                                          exprs[1]);
                         if (!out) {
                             compile_error(ctx, "internal error: failed to generate division");
                             return false;
                         }
-                        out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop, INSTR_MUL_VF,
-                                                                exprs[0], out);
+                        out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop, INSTR_MUL_VF,
+                                               exprs[0], out);
                     }
                     break;
                 default:
@@ -1075,13 +1108,13 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             else
                 assignop = type_store_instr[exprs[0]->m_vtype];
             if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                        (op->id == opid2('^','=') ? VINSTR_BITXOR : op->id == opid2('&','=') ? INSTR_BITAND : INSTR_BITOR),
-                                                        exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                       (op->id == opid2('^','=') ? VINSTR_BITXOR : op->id == opid2('&','=') ? INSTR_BITAND : INSTR_BITOR),
+                                       exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             else
-                out = (ast_expression*)ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop,
-                                                        (op->id == opid2('^','=') ? VINSTR_BITXOR_V : op->id == opid2('&','=') ? VINSTR_BITAND_V : VINSTR_BITOR_V),
-                                                        exprs[0], exprs[1]);
+                out = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop,
+                                       (op->id == opid2('^','=') ? VINSTR_BITXOR_V : op->id == opid2('&','=') ? VINSTR_BITAND_V : VINSTR_BITOR_V),
+                                       exprs[0], exprs[1]);
             break;
         case opid3('&','~','='):
             /* This is like: a &= ~(b);
@@ -1107,11 +1140,11 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                 return false;
             (void)check_write_to(ctx, exprs[0]);
             if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT)
-                asbinstore = ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop, INSTR_SUB_F, exprs[0], out);
+                asbinstore = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop, INSTR_SUB_F, exprs[0], out);
             else
-                asbinstore = ast_binstore_new(ctx, assignop, INSTR_SUB_V, exprs[0], out);
+                asbinstore = new ast_binstore(ctx, assignop, INSTR_SUB_V, exprs[0], out);
             asbinstore->m_keep_dest = true;
-            out = (ast_expression*)asbinstore;
+            out = asbinstore;
             break;
 
         case opid3('l', 'e', 'n'):
@@ -1138,9 +1171,9 @@ static bool parser_sy_apply_operator(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
             }
             if (!(out = parser->m_fold.op(op, exprs))) {
                 if (exprs[0]->m_vtype == TYPE_FLOAT) {
-                    out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_F, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_float(2), exprs[0]);
+                    out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_F, parser->m_fold.imm_float(2), exprs[0]);
                 } else {
-                    out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_V, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.imm_vector(1), exprs[0]);
+                    out = fold::binary(ctx, INSTR_SUB_V, parser->m_fold.imm_vector(1), exprs[0]);
                 }
             }
             break;
@@ -1201,7 +1234,7 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         ast_type_to_string(sy->out.back().out, ty, sizeof(ty));
         ast_unref(sy->out.back().out);
         sy->out[fid] = syexp(sy->out.back().out->m_context,
-                             (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_string(ty, false));
+                             parser->m_fold.constgen_string(ty, false));
         sy->out.pop_back();
         return true;
     }
@@ -1212,8 +1245,8 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
      * and than fruitfully fold them.
      */
 #define fold_can_1(X)  \
-    (ast_istype(((ast_expression*)(X)), ast_value) && (X)->m_hasvalue && ((X)->m_cvq == CV_CONST) && \
-                ((ast_expression*)(X))->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION)
+    (ast_istype(((X)), ast_value) && (X)->m_hasvalue && ((X)->m_cvq == CV_CONST) && \
+                ((X))->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION)
 
     if (fid + 1 < sy->out.size())
         ++paramcount;
@@ -1253,7 +1286,7 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
     }
 
     fold_leave:
-    call = ast_call_new(sy->ops[sy->ops.size()].ctx, fun);
+    call = ast_call::make(sy->ops[sy->ops.size()].ctx, fun);
 
     if (!call)
         return false;
@@ -1269,7 +1302,7 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
     for (i = 0; i < paramcount; ++i)
         call->m_params.push_back(sy->out[fid+1 + i].out);
     sy->out.erase(sy->out.end() - paramcount, sy->out.end());
-    (void)!ast_call_check_types(call, parser->function->m_function_type->m_varparam);
+    (void)!call->checkTypes(parser->function->m_function_type->m_varparam);
     if (parser->max_param_count < paramcount)
         parser->max_param_count = paramcount;
 
@@ -1278,12 +1311,12 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
         if ((fun->m_flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC) &&
             !(/*funval->m_cvq == CV_CONST && */ funval->m_hasvalue && funval->m_constval.vfunc->m_builtin))
         {
-            call->m_va_count = (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float((qcfloat_t)paramcount, false);
+            call->m_va_count = parser->m_fold.constgen_float((qcfloat_t)paramcount, false);
         }
     }
 
     /* overwrite fid, the function, with a call */
-    sy->out[fid] = syexp(call->m_context, (ast_expression*)call);
+    sy->out[fid] = syexp(call->m_context, call);
 
     if (fun->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
         parseerror(parser, "not a function (%s)", type_name[fun->m_vtype]);
@@ -1303,7 +1336,7 @@ static bool parser_close_call(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy)
                         "-> it has been declared here: %s:%i",
                         fun->m_context.file, fun->m_context.line);
             }
-            if (!fval->m_desc) {
+            if (!fval->m_desc.length()) {
                 return !parsewarning(parser, WARN_DEPRECATED,
                         "call to `%s` (which is marked deprecated)\n"
                         "-> `%s` declared here: %s:%i",
@@ -1432,8 +1465,8 @@ static ast_expression* parse_vararg_do(parser_t *parser)
             parseerror(parser, "expected comma after parameter index");
             return nullptr;
         }
-        /* vararg piping: ...(start) */
-        out = (ast_expression*)ast_argpipe_new(ctx, idx);
+        // vararg piping: ...(start)
+        out = new ast_argpipe(ctx, idx);
         return out;
     }
 
@@ -1451,26 +1484,26 @@ static ast_expression* parse_vararg_do(parser_t *parser)
 
     if (parser->tok != ')') {
         ast_unref(idx);
-        ast_delete(typevar);
+        delete typevar;
         parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     if (funtype->m_varparam &&
-        !ast_compare_type((ast_expression*)typevar, (ast_expression*)funtype->m_varparam))
+        !typevar->compareType(*funtype->m_varparam))
     {
         char ty1[1024];
         char ty2[1024];
-        ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)typevar, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-        ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)funtype->m_varparam, ty2, sizeof(ty2));
+        ast_type_to_string(typevar, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
+        ast_type_to_string(funtype->m_varparam, ty2, sizeof(ty2));
         compile_error(typevar->m_context,
                       "function was declared to take varargs of type `%s`, requested type is: %s",
                       ty2, ty1);
     }
 
-    out = (ast_expression*)ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)(parser->function->m_varargs), idx);
-    ast_type_adopt(out, typevar);
-    ast_delete(typevar);
+    out = ast_array_index::make(ctx, parser->function->m_varargs.get(), idx);
+    out->adoptType(*typevar);
+    delete typevar;
     return out;
 }
 
@@ -1511,7 +1544,7 @@ static bool parse_sya_operand(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy, bool with_labels)
         val = (ast_value*)parser->m_fold.constgen_string(parser_tokval(parser), true);
         if (!val)
             return false;
-        sy->out.push_back(syexp(parser_ctx(parser), (ast_expression*)val));
+        sy->out.push_back(syexp(parser_ctx(parser), val));
 
         if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != ')') {
             parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren after translatable string");
@@ -1575,22 +1608,22 @@ static bool parse_sya_operand(parser_t *parser, shunt *sy, bool with_labels)
         }
         if (prev && prev->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR && ctoken[0] >= 'x' && ctoken[0] <= 'z' && !ctoken[1])
         {
-            var = (ast_expression*)parser->const_vec[ctoken[0]-'x'];
+            var = parser->const_vec[ctoken[0]-'x'];
         } else {
             var = parser_find_var(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
             if (!var)
                 var = parser_find_field(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
         }
         if (!var && with_labels) {
-            var = (ast_expression*)parser_find_label(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
+            var = parser_find_label(parser, parser_tokval(parser));
             if (!with_labels) {
-                ast_label *lbl = ast_label_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), true);
-                var = (ast_expression*)lbl;
+                ast_label *lbl = new ast_label(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), true);
+                var = lbl;
                 parser->labels.push_back(lbl);
             }
         }
         if (!var && !strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "__FUNC__"))
-            var = (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_string(parser->function->m_name, false);
+            var = parser->m_fold.constgen_string(parser->function->m_name, false);
         if (!var) {
             /*
              * now we try for the real intrinsic hashtable. If the string
@@ -1894,7 +1927,7 @@ static ast_expression* parse_expression_leave(parser_t *parser, bool stopatcomma
                     {
                         char *newstr = nullptr;
                         util_asprintf(&newstr, "%s%s", last->m_constval.vstring, parser_tokval(parser));
-                        sy.out.back().out = (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_string(newstr, false);
+                        sy.out.back().out = parser->m_fold.constgen_string(newstr, false);
                         mem_d(newstr);
                         concatenated = true;
                     }
@@ -1999,7 +2032,7 @@ static bool parser_leaveblock(parser_t *parser)
 
     typedefs = vec_last(parser->_blocktypedefs);
     while (vec_size(parser->_typedefs) != typedefs) {
-        ast_delete(vec_last(parser->_typedefs));
+        delete vec_last(parser->_typedefs);
         vec_pop(parser->_typedefs);
     }
     util_htdel(vec_last(parser->typedefs));
@@ -2015,12 +2048,18 @@ static void parser_addlocal(parser_t *parser, const char *name, ast_expression *
     vec_push(parser->_locals, e);
     util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), name, (void*)e);
 }
+static void parser_addlocal(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, ast_expression *e) {
+    return parser_addlocal(parser, name.c_str(), e);
+}
 
 static void parser_addglobal(parser_t *parser, const char *name, ast_expression *e)
 {
     parser->globals.push_back(e);
     util_htset(parser->htglobals, name, e);
 }
+static void parser_addglobal(parser_t *parser, const std::string &name, ast_expression *e) {
+    return parser_addglobal(parser, name.c_str(), e);
+}
 
 static ast_expression* process_condition(parser_t *parser, ast_expression *cond, bool *_ifnot)
 {
@@ -2037,7 +2076,7 @@ static ast_expression* process_condition(parser_t *parser, ast_expression *cond,
     if (OPTS_FLAG(FALSE_EMPTY_STRINGS) && cond->m_vtype == TYPE_STRING)
     {
         prev = cond;
-        cond = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(cond->m_context, INSTR_NOT_S, cond);
+        cond = ast_unary::make(cond->m_context, INSTR_NOT_S, cond);
         if (!cond) {
             ast_unref(prev);
             parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to process condition");
@@ -2053,7 +2092,7 @@ static ast_expression* process_condition(parser_t *parser, ast_expression *cond,
         {
             /* in perl-logic, AND and OR take care of the -fcorrect-logic */
             prev = cond;
-            cond = (ast_expression*)ast_unary_new(cond->m_context, INSTR_NOT_V, cond);
+            cond = ast_unary::make(cond->m_context, INSTR_NOT_V, cond);
             if (!cond) {
                 ast_unref(prev);
                 parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to process condition");
@@ -2069,7 +2108,7 @@ static ast_expression* process_condition(parser_t *parser, ast_expression *cond,
     {
         cond = unary->m_operand;
         unary->m_operand = nullptr;
-        ast_delete(unary);
+        delete unary;
         ifnot = !ifnot;
         unary = (ast_unary*)cond;
     }
@@ -2133,18 +2172,18 @@ static bool parse_if(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **out)
         return false;
     }
     if (!ontrue)
-        ontrue = (ast_expression*)ast_block_new(parser_ctx(parser));
+        ontrue = new ast_block(parser_ctx(parser));
     /* check for an else */
     if (!strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "else")) {
         /* parse into the 'else' branch */
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
             parseerror(parser, "expected on-false branch after 'else'");
-            ast_delete(ontrue);
+            delete ontrue;
             ast_unref(cond);
             return false;
         }
         if (!parse_statement_or_block(parser, &onfalse)) {
-            ast_delete(ontrue);
+            delete ontrue;
             ast_unref(cond);
             return false;
         }
@@ -2152,16 +2191,16 @@ static bool parse_if(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **out)
 
     cond = process_condition(parser, cond, &ifnot);
     if (!cond) {
-        if (ontrue)  ast_delete(ontrue);
-        if (onfalse) ast_delete(onfalse);
+        if (ontrue)  delete ontrue;
+        if (onfalse) delete onfalse;
         return false;
     }
 
     if (ifnot)
-        ifthen = ast_ifthen_new(ctx, cond, onfalse, ontrue);
+        ifthen = new ast_ifthen(ctx, cond, onfalse, ontrue);
     else
-        ifthen = ast_ifthen_new(ctx, cond, ontrue, onfalse);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)ifthen;
+        ifthen = new ast_ifthen(ctx, cond, ontrue, onfalse);
+    *out = ifthen;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2209,7 +2248,7 @@ static bool parse_while(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **out
     if (parser->breaks.back() != label || parser->continues.back() != label) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: label stack corrupted");
         rv = false;
-        ast_delete(*out);
+        delete *out;
         *out = nullptr;
     }
     else {
@@ -2261,8 +2300,8 @@ static bool parse_while_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **
         ast_unref(ontrue);
         return false;
     }
-    aloop = ast_loop_new(ctx, nullptr, cond, ifnot, nullptr, false, nullptr, ontrue);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)aloop;
+    aloop = new ast_loop(ctx, nullptr, cond, ifnot, nullptr, false, nullptr, ontrue);
+    *out = aloop;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2305,12 +2344,7 @@ static bool parse_dowhile(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **o
     if (parser->breaks.back() != label || parser->continues.back() != label) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: label stack corrupted");
         rv = false;
-        /*
-         * Test for nullptr otherwise ast_delete dereferences null pointer
-         * and boom.
-         */
-        if (*out)
-            ast_delete(*out);
+        delete *out;
         *out = nullptr;
     }
     else {
@@ -2339,20 +2373,20 @@ static bool parse_dowhile_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression
         strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "while"))
     {
         parseerror(parser, "expected 'while' and condition");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         return false;
     }
 
     /* skip the 'while' and check for opening paren */
     if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != '(') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected 'while' condition in parenthesis");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         return false;
     }
     /* parse into the expression */
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
         parseerror(parser, "expected 'while' condition after opening paren");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         return false;
     }
     /* parse the condition */
@@ -2362,32 +2396,32 @@ static bool parse_dowhile_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression
     /* closing paren */
     if (parser->tok != ')') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren after 'while' condition");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         ast_unref(cond);
         return false;
     }
     /* parse on */
     if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != ';') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected semicolon after condition");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         ast_unref(cond);
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
         parseerror(parser, "parse error");
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         ast_unref(cond);
         return false;
     }
 
     cond = process_condition(parser, cond, &ifnot);
     if (!cond) {
-        ast_delete(ontrue);
+        delete ontrue;
         return false;
     }
-    aloop = ast_loop_new(ctx, nullptr, nullptr, false, cond, ifnot, nullptr, ontrue);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)aloop;
+    aloop = new ast_loop(ctx, nullptr, nullptr, false, cond, ifnot, nullptr, ontrue);
+    *out = aloop;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2435,7 +2469,7 @@ static bool parse_for(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **out)
     if (parser->breaks.back() != label || parser->continues.back() != label) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: label stack corrupted");
         rv = false;
-        ast_delete(*out);
+        delete *out;
         *out = nullptr;
     }
     else {
@@ -2542,11 +2576,11 @@ static bool parse_for_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         if (!cond)
             goto onerr;
     }
-    aloop = ast_loop_new(ctx, initexpr, cond, ifnot, nullptr, false, increment, ontrue);
-    *out = (ast_expression*)aloop;
+    aloop = new ast_loop(ctx, initexpr, cond, ifnot, nullptr, false, increment, ontrue);
+    *out = aloop;
 
     if (!parser_leaveblock(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(aloop);
+        delete aloop;
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -2599,12 +2633,12 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
 
         /* prepare the return value */
         if (!retval) {
-            retval = ast_value_new(ctx, "#LOCAL_RETURN", TYPE_VOID);
-            ast_type_adopt(retval, expected->m_next);
+            retval = new ast_value(ctx, "#LOCAL_RETURN", TYPE_VOID);
+            retval->adoptType(*expected->m_next);
             parser->function->m_return_value = retval;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_compare_type(exp, (ast_expression*)retval)) {
+        if (!exp->compareType(*retval)) {
             char ty1[1024], ty2[1024];
             ast_type_to_string(exp, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
             ast_type_to_string(retval, ty2, sizeof(ty2));
@@ -2612,10 +2646,10 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         }
 
         /* store to 'return' local variable */
-        var = (ast_expression*)ast_store_new(
+        var = new ast_store(
             ctx,
             type_store_instr[expected->m_next->m_vtype],
-            (ast_expression*)retval, exp);
+            retval, exp);
 
         if (!var) {
             ast_unref(exp);
@@ -2637,12 +2671,12 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
             return false;
 
         if (exp->m_vtype != TYPE_NIL &&
-            exp->m_vtype != ((ast_expression*)expected)->m_next->m_vtype)
+            exp->m_vtype != (expected)->m_next->m_vtype)
         {
             parseerror(parser, "return with invalid expression");
         }
 
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, exp);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, exp);
         if (!ret) {
             ast_unref(exp);
             return false;
@@ -2655,9 +2689,9 @@ static bool parse_return(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
         {
             (void)!parsewarning(parser, WARN_MISSING_RETURN_VALUES, "return without value");
         }
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)retval);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, retval);
     }
-    *out = (ast_expression*)ret;
+    *out = ret;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2710,7 +2744,7 @@ static bool parse_break_continue(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_express
     if (!parser_next(parser))
         parseerror(parser, "parse error");
 
-    *out = (ast_expression*)ast_breakcont_new(ctx, is_continue, levels);
+    *out = new ast_breakcont(ctx, is_continue, levels);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2991,7 +3025,7 @@ static bool parse_switch(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression **ou
     if (parser->breaks.back() != label) {
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: label stack corrupted");
         rv = false;
-        ast_delete(*out);
+        delete *out;
         *out = nullptr;
     }
     else {
@@ -3027,24 +3061,24 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
     if (!operand)
         return false;
 
-    switchnode = ast_switch_new(ctx, operand);
+    switchnode = new ast_switch(ctx, operand);
 
     /* closing paren */
     if (parser->tok != ')') {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren after 'switch' operand");
         return false;
     }
 
     /* parse over the opening paren */
     if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != '{') {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "expected list of cases");
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "expected 'case' or 'default'");
         return false;
     }
@@ -3057,7 +3091,7 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
             typevar = parser_find_typedef(parser, parser_tokval(parser), 0);
         if (typevar || parser->tok == TOKEN_TYPENAME) {
             if (!parse_variable(parser, block, true, CV_NONE, typevar, false, false, 0, nullptr)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
             continue;
@@ -3065,11 +3099,11 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
         if (parse_qualifiers(parser, true, &cvq, &noref, &is_static, &qflags, nullptr))
         {
             if (cvq == CV_WRONG) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
             if (!parse_variable(parser, block, true, cvq, nullptr, noref, is_static, qflags, nullptr)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
             continue;
@@ -3083,13 +3117,13 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
 
         if (!strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "case")) {
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 parseerror(parser, "expected expression for case");
                 return false;
             }
             swcase.m_value = parse_expression_leave(parser, false, false, false);
             if (!swcase.m_value) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 parseerror(parser, "expected expression for case");
                 return false;
             }
@@ -3104,13 +3138,13 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
         else if (!strcmp(parser_tokval(parser), "default")) {
             swcase.m_value = nullptr;
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 parseerror(parser, "expected colon");
                 return false;
             }
         }
         else {
-            ast_delete(switchnode);
+            delete switchnode;
             parseerror(parser, "expected 'case' or 'default'");
             return false;
         }
@@ -3118,24 +3152,24 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
         /* Now the colon and body */
         if (parser->tok != ':') {
             if (swcase.m_value) ast_unref(swcase.m_value);
-            ast_delete(switchnode);
+            delete switchnode;
             parseerror(parser, "expected colon");
             return false;
         }
 
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
             if (swcase.m_value) ast_unref(swcase.m_value);
-            ast_delete(switchnode);
+            delete switchnode;
             parseerror(parser, "expected statements or case");
             return false;
         }
-        caseblock = ast_block_new(parser_ctx(parser));
+        caseblock = new ast_block(parser_ctx(parser));
         if (!caseblock) {
             if (swcase.m_value) ast_unref(swcase.m_value);
-            ast_delete(switchnode);
+            delete switchnode;
             return false;
         }
-        swcase.m_code = (ast_expression*)caseblock;
+        swcase.m_code = caseblock;
         switchnode->m_cases.push_back(swcase);
         while (true) {
             ast_expression *expr;
@@ -3149,13 +3183,13 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
                 }
             }
             if (!parse_statement(parser, caseblock, &expr, true)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
             if (!expr)
                 continue;
-            if (!ast_block_add_expr(caseblock, expr)) {
-                ast_delete(switchnode);
+            if (!caseblock->addExpr(expr)) {
+                delete switchnode;
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -3165,16 +3199,16 @@ static bool parse_switch_go(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
 
     /* closing paren */
     if (parser->tok != '}') {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "expected closing paren of case list");
         return false;
     }
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(switchnode);
+        delete switchnode;
         parseerror(parser, "parse error after switch");
         return false;
     }
-    *out = (ast_expression*)switchnode;
+    *out = switchnode;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -3201,14 +3235,14 @@ static ast_expression *parse_goto_computed(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **si
 
         cond = tern->m_cond;
         tern->m_cond = nullptr;
-        ast_delete(tern);
+        delete tern;
         *side = nullptr;
-        return (ast_expression*)ast_ifthen_new(parser_ctx(parser), cond, on_true, on_false);
+        return new ast_ifthen(parser_ctx(parser), cond, on_true, on_false);
     } else if (ast_istype(*side, ast_label)) {
-        ast_goto *gt = ast_goto_new(parser_ctx(parser), ((ast_label*)*side)->m_name);
-        ast_goto_set_label(gt, ((ast_label*)*side));
+        ast_goto *gt = new ast_goto(parser_ctx(parser), ((ast_label*)*side)->m_name);
+        gt->setLabel(reinterpret_cast<ast_label*>(*side));
         *side = nullptr;
-        return (ast_expression*)gt;
+        return gt;
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -3243,15 +3277,15 @@ static bool parse_goto(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **out)
     }
 
     /* not computed goto */
-    gt = ast_goto_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser));
+    gt = new ast_goto(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser));
     lbl = parser_find_label(parser, gt->m_name);
     if (lbl) {
         if (!ast_istype(lbl, ast_label)) {
             parseerror(parser, "internal error: label is not an ast_label");
-            ast_delete(gt);
+            delete gt;
             return false;
         }
-        ast_goto_set_label(gt, (ast_label*)lbl);
+        gt->setLabel(reinterpret_cast<ast_label*>(lbl));
     }
     else
         parser->gotos.push_back(gt);
@@ -3265,7 +3299,7 @@ static bool parse_goto(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **out)
         return false;
     }
 
-    *out = (ast_expression*)gt;
+    *out = gt;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -3392,8 +3426,8 @@ static bool parse_statement(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
 
             if (parser->tok == TOKEN_IDENT && (tdef = parser_find_typedef(parser, parser_tokval(parser), 0)))
             {
-                ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)tdef, ty, sizeof(ty));
-                con_out("__builtin_debug_printtype: `%s`=`%s`\n", tdef->m_name, ty);
+                ast_type_to_string(tdef, ty, sizeof(ty));
+                con_out("__builtin_debug_printtype: `%s`=`%s`\n", tdef->m_name.c_str(), ty);
                 if (!parser_next(parser)) {
                     parseerror(parser, "parse error after __builtin_debug_printtype typename argument");
                     return false;
@@ -3479,7 +3513,7 @@ static bool parse_statement(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
         inner = parse_block(parser);
         if (!inner)
             return false;
-        *out = (ast_expression*)inner;
+        *out = inner;
         return true;
     }
     else if (parser->tok == ':')
@@ -3503,17 +3537,17 @@ static bool parse_statement(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block, ast_expression *
             label->m_undefined = false;
         }
         else {
-            label = ast_label_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), false);
+            label = new ast_label(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), false);
             parser->labels.push_back(label);
         }
-        *out = (ast_expression*)label;
+        *out = label;
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
             parseerror(parser, "parse error after label");
             return false;
         }
         for (i = 0; i < parser->gotos.size(); ++i) {
-            if (!strcmp(parser->gotos[i]->m_name, label->m_name)) {
-                ast_goto_set_label(parser->gotos[i], label);
+            if (parser->gotos[i]->m_name == label->m_name) {
+                parser->gotos[i]->setLabel(label);
                 parser->gotos.erase(parser->gotos.begin() + i);
                 --i;
             }
@@ -3604,14 +3638,14 @@ static bool parse_enum(parser_t *parser)
             goto onerror;
         }
 
-        var = ast_value_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), TYPE_FLOAT);
+        var = new ast_value(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), TYPE_FLOAT);
         vec_push(values, var);
         var->m_cvq             = CV_CONST;
         var->m_hasvalue        = true;
 
         /* for flagged enumerations increment in POTs of TWO */
         var->m_constval.vfloat = (flag) ? (num *= 2) : (num ++);
-        parser_addglobal(parser, var->m_name, (ast_expression*)var);
+        parser_addglobal(parser, var->m_name, var);
 
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
             parseerror(parser, "expected `=`, `}` or comma after identifier");
@@ -3703,8 +3737,8 @@ static bool parse_block_into(parser_t *parser, ast_block *block)
         }
         if (!expr)
             continue;
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, expr)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(expr)) {
+            delete block;
             block = nullptr;
             goto cleanup;
         }
@@ -3725,11 +3759,11 @@ cleanup:
 static ast_block* parse_block(parser_t *parser)
 {
     ast_block *block;
-    block = ast_block_new(parser_ctx(parser));
+    block = new ast_block(parser_ctx(parser));
     if (!block)
         return nullptr;
     if (!parse_block_into(parser, block)) {
-        ast_block_delete(block);
+        delete block;
         return nullptr;
     }
     return block;
@@ -3738,7 +3772,7 @@ static ast_block* parse_block(parser_t *parser)
 static bool parse_statement_or_block(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **out)
 {
     if (parser->tok == '{') {
-        *out = (ast_expression*)parse_block(parser);
+        *out = parse_block(parser);
         return !!*out;
     }
     return parse_statement(parser, nullptr, out, false);
@@ -3747,15 +3781,15 @@ static bool parse_statement_or_block(parser_t *parser, ast_expression **out)
 static bool create_vector_members(ast_value *var, ast_member **me)
 {
     size_t i;
-    size_t len = strlen(var->m_name);
+    size_t len = var->m_name.length();
 
     for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
         char *name = (char*)mem_a(len+3);
-        memcpy(name, var->m_name, len);
+        memcpy(name, var->m_name.c_str(), len);
         name[len+0] = '_';
         name[len+1] = 'x'+i;
         name[len+2] = 0;
-        me[i] = ast_member_new(var->m_context, (ast_expression*)var, i, name);
+        me[i] = ast_member::make(var->m_context, var, i, name);
         mem_d(name);
         if (!me[i])
             break;
@@ -3764,7 +3798,7 @@ static bool create_vector_members(ast_value *var, ast_member **me)
         return true;
 
     /* unroll */
-    do { ast_member_delete(me[--i]); } while(i);
+    do { delete me[--i]; } while(i);
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -3862,23 +3896,23 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
             ast_value      *thinkfunc;
             ast_expression *functype = fld_think->m_next;
 
-            thinkfunc = ast_value_new(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), functype->m_vtype);
-            if (!thinkfunc) { /* || !ast_type_adopt(thinkfunc, functype)*/
+            thinkfunc = new ast_value(parser_ctx(parser), parser_tokval(parser), functype->m_vtype);
+            if (!thinkfunc) { /* || !thinkfunc->adoptType(*functype)*/
                 ast_unref(framenum);
                 parseerror(parser, "failed to create implicit prototype for `%s`", parser_tokval(parser));
                 return false;
             }
-            ast_type_adopt(thinkfunc, functype);
+            thinkfunc->adoptType(*functype);
 
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
                 ast_unref(framenum);
-                ast_delete(thinkfunc);
+                delete thinkfunc;
                 return false;
             }
 
-            parser_addglobal(parser, thinkfunc->m_name, (ast_expression*)thinkfunc);
+            parser_addglobal(parser, thinkfunc->m_name, thinkfunc);
 
-            nextthink = (ast_expression*)thinkfunc;
+            nextthink = thinkfunc;
 
         } else {
             nextthink = parse_expression_leave(parser, true, false, false);
@@ -3917,7 +3951,7 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
         has_frame_think = true;
     }
 
-    block = ast_block_new(parser_ctx(parser));
+    block = new ast_block(parser_ctx(parser));
     if (!block) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to allocate block");
         if (has_frame_think) {
@@ -3929,12 +3963,12 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 
     if (has_frame_think) {
         if (!OPTS_FLAG(EMULATE_STATE)) {
-            ast_state *state_op = ast_state_new(parser_ctx(parser), framenum, nextthink);
-            if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)state_op)) {
+            ast_state *state_op = new ast_state(parser_ctx(parser), framenum, nextthink);
+            if (!block->addExpr(state_op)) {
                 parseerror(parser, "failed to generate state op for [frame,think]");
                 ast_unref(nextthink);
                 ast_unref(framenum);
-                ast_delete(block);
+                delete block;
                 return false;
             }
         } else {
@@ -3951,48 +3985,48 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
             float frame_delta = 1.0f / (float)OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STATE_FPS);
 
             ctx = parser_ctx(parser);
-            self_frame     = (ast_expression*)ast_entfield_new(ctx, gbl_self, fld_frame);
-            self_nextthink = (ast_expression*)ast_entfield_new(ctx, gbl_self, fld_nextthink);
-            self_think     = (ast_expression*)ast_entfield_new(ctx, gbl_self, fld_think);
+            self_frame     = new ast_entfield(ctx, gbl_self, fld_frame);
+            self_nextthink = new ast_entfield(ctx, gbl_self, fld_nextthink);
+            self_think     = new ast_entfield(ctx, gbl_self, fld_think);
 
-            time_plus_1    = (ast_expression*)ast_binary_new(ctx, INSTR_ADD_F,
-                             gbl_time, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(frame_delta, false));
+            time_plus_1    = new ast_binary(ctx, INSTR_ADD_F,
+                             gbl_time, parser->m_fold.constgen_float(frame_delta, false));
 
             if (!self_frame || !self_nextthink || !self_think || !time_plus_1) {
-                if (self_frame)     ast_delete(self_frame);
-                if (self_nextthink) ast_delete(self_nextthink);
-                if (self_think)     ast_delete(self_think);
-                if (time_plus_1)    ast_delete(time_plus_1);
+                if (self_frame)     delete self_frame;
+                if (self_nextthink) delete self_nextthink;
+                if (self_think)     delete self_think;
+                if (time_plus_1)    delete time_plus_1;
                 retval = false;
             }
 
             if (retval)
             {
-                store_frame     = ast_store_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F,   self_frame,     framenum);
-                store_nextthink = ast_store_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F,   self_nextthink, time_plus_1);
-                store_think     = ast_store_new(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_FNC, self_think,     nextthink);
+                store_frame     = new ast_store(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F,   self_frame,     framenum);
+                store_nextthink = new ast_store(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_F,   self_nextthink, time_plus_1);
+                store_think     = new ast_store(ctx, INSTR_STOREP_FNC, self_think,     nextthink);
 
                 if (!store_frame) {
-                    ast_delete(self_frame);
+                    delete self_frame;
                     retval = false;
                 }
                 if (!store_nextthink) {
-                    ast_delete(self_nextthink);
+                    delete self_nextthink;
                     retval = false;
                 }
                 if (!store_think) {
-                    ast_delete(self_think);
+                    delete self_think;
                     retval = false;
                 }
                 if (!retval) {
-                    if (store_frame)     ast_delete(store_frame);
-                    if (store_nextthink) ast_delete(store_nextthink);
-                    if (store_think)     ast_delete(store_think);
+                    if (store_frame)     delete store_frame;
+                    if (store_nextthink) delete store_nextthink;
+                    if (store_think)     delete store_think;
                     retval = false;
                 }
-                if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)store_frame) ||
-                    !ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)store_nextthink) ||
-                    !ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)store_think))
+                if (!block->addExpr(store_frame) ||
+                    !block->addExpr(store_nextthink) ||
+                    !block->addExpr(store_think))
                 {
                     retval = false;
                 }
@@ -4002,7 +4036,7 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
                 parseerror(parser, "failed to generate code for [frame,think]");
                 ast_unref(nextthink);
                 ast_unref(framenum);
-                ast_delete(block);
+                delete block;
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -4011,22 +4045,22 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
     if (var->m_hasvalue) {
         if (!(var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ACCUMULATE)) {
             parseerror(parser, "function `%s` declared with multiple bodies", var->m_name);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+            delete block;
             goto enderr;
         }
         func = var->m_constval.vfunc;
 
         if (!func) {
             parseerror(parser, "internal error: nullptr function: `%s`", var->m_name);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+            delete block;
             goto enderr;
         }
     } else {
-        func = ast_function_new(var->m_context, var->m_name, var);
+        func = ast_function::make(var->m_context, var->m_name, var);
 
         if (!func) {
             parseerror(parser, "failed to allocate function for `%s`", var->m_name);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+            delete block;
             goto enderr;
         }
         parser->functions.push_back(func);
@@ -4045,48 +4079,48 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
             continue;
         }
 
-        if (!create_vector_members(it, me)) {
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+        if (!create_vector_members(it.get(), me)) {
+            delete block;
             goto enderrfn;
         }
 
         for (e = 0; e < 3; ++e) {
-            parser_addlocal(parser, me[e]->m_name, (ast_expression*)me[e]);
-            ast_block_collect(block, (ast_expression*)me[e]);
+            parser_addlocal(parser, me[e]->m_name, me[e]);
+            block->collect(me[e]);
         }
     }
 
     if (var->m_argcounter && !func->m_argc) {
-        ast_value *argc = ast_value_new(var->m_context, var->m_argcounter, TYPE_FLOAT);
-        parser_addlocal(parser, argc->m_name, (ast_expression*)argc);
-        func->m_argc = argc;
+        ast_value *argc = new ast_value(var->m_context, var->m_argcounter, TYPE_FLOAT);
+        parser_addlocal(parser, argc->m_name, argc);
+        func->m_argc.reset(argc);
     }
 
     if (OPTS_FLAG(VARIADIC_ARGS) && var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_VARIADIC && !func->m_varargs) {
         char name[1024];
-        ast_value *varargs = ast_value_new(var->m_context, "reserved:va_args", TYPE_ARRAY);
+        ast_value *varargs = new ast_value(var->m_context, "reserved:va_args", TYPE_ARRAY);
         varargs->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_IS_VARARG;
-        varargs->m_next = (ast_expression*)ast_value_new(var->m_context, nullptr, TYPE_VECTOR);
+        varargs->m_next = new ast_value(var->m_context, "", TYPE_VECTOR);
         varargs->m_count = 0;
-        util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##va##SET", var->m_name);
+        util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##va##SET", var->m_name.c_str());
         if (!parser_create_array_setter_proto(parser, varargs, name)) {
-            ast_delete(varargs);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+            delete varargs;
+            delete block;
             goto enderrfn;
         }
-        util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##va##GET", var->m_name);
+        util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##va##GET", var->m_name.c_str());
         if (!parser_create_array_getter_proto(parser, varargs, varargs->m_next, name)) {
-            ast_delete(varargs);
-            ast_block_delete(block);
+            delete varargs;
+            delete block;
             goto enderrfn;
         }
-        func->m_varargs     = varargs;
+        func->m_varargs.reset(varargs);
         func->m_fixedparams = (ast_value*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(var->m_type_params.size(), false);
     }
 
     parser->function = func;
     if (!parse_block_into(parser, block)) {
-        ast_block_delete(block);
+        delete block;
         goto enderrfn;
     }
 
@@ -4109,7 +4143,7 @@ static bool parse_function_body(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 enderrfn:
     (void)!parser_leaveblock(parser);
     parser->functions.pop_back();
-    ast_function_delete(func);
+    delete func;
     var->m_constval.vfunc = nullptr;
 
 enderr:
@@ -4132,29 +4166,29 @@ static ast_expression *array_accessor_split(
     lex_ctx_t ctx = array->m_context;
 
     if (!left || !right) {
-        if (left)  ast_delete(left);
-        if (right) ast_delete(right);
+        if (left)  delete left;
+        if (right) delete right;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    cmp = ast_binary_new(ctx, INSTR_LT,
-                         (ast_expression*)index,
-                         (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(middle, false));
+    cmp = new ast_binary(ctx, INSTR_LT,
+                         index,
+                         parser->m_fold.constgen_float(middle, false));
     if (!cmp) {
-        ast_delete(left);
-        ast_delete(right);
+        delete left;
+        delete right;
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to create comparison for array setter");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    ifthen = ast_ifthen_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)cmp, left, right);
+    ifthen = new ast_ifthen(ctx, cmp, left, right);
     if (!ifthen) {
-        ast_delete(cmp); /* will delete left and right */
+        delete cmp; /* will delete left and right */
         parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to create conditional jump for array setter");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    return (ast_expression*)ifthen;
+    return ifthen;
 }
 
 static ast_expression *array_setter_node(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, ast_value *index, ast_value *value, size_t from, size_t afterend)
@@ -4172,39 +4206,39 @@ static ast_expression *array_setter_node(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, ast
         if (value->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && value->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
             assignop = INSTR_STORE_V;
 
-        subscript = ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)array, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
+        subscript = ast_array_index::make(ctx, array, parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
         if (!subscript)
             return nullptr;
 
-        st = ast_store_new(ctx, assignop, (ast_expression*)subscript, (ast_expression*)value);
+        st = new ast_store(ctx, assignop, subscript, value);
         if (!st) {
-            ast_delete(subscript);
+            delete subscript;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        block = ast_block_new(ctx);
+        block = new ast_block(ctx);
         if (!block) {
-            ast_delete(st);
+            delete st;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)st)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(st)) {
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, nullptr);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, nullptr);
         if (!ret) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)ret)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(ret)) {
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        return (ast_expression*)block;
+        return block;
     } else {
         ast_expression *left, *right;
         size_t diff = afterend - from;
@@ -4238,51 +4272,48 @@ static ast_expression *array_field_setter_node(
         if (value->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && value->m_next->m_vtype == TYPE_VECTOR)
             assignop = INSTR_STOREP_V;
 
-        subscript = ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)array, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
+        subscript = ast_array_index::make(ctx, array, parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
         if (!subscript)
             return nullptr;
 
-        subscript->m_next = ast_type_copy(subscript->m_context, (ast_expression*)subscript);
+        subscript->m_next = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, subscript->m_context, *subscript);
         subscript->m_vtype = TYPE_FIELD;
 
-        entfield = ast_entfield_new_force(ctx,
-                                          (ast_expression*)entity,
-                                          (ast_expression*)subscript,
-                                          (ast_expression*)subscript);
+        entfield = new ast_entfield(ctx, entity, subscript, subscript);
         if (!entfield) {
-            ast_delete(subscript);
+            delete subscript;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        st = ast_store_new(ctx, assignop, (ast_expression*)entfield, (ast_expression*)value);
+        st = new ast_store(ctx, assignop, entfield, value);
         if (!st) {
-            ast_delete(entfield);
+            delete entfield;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        block = ast_block_new(ctx);
+        block = new ast_block(ctx);
         if (!block) {
-            ast_delete(st);
+            delete st;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)st)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(st)) {
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, nullptr);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, nullptr);
         if (!ret) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        if (!ast_block_add_expr(block, (ast_expression*)ret)) {
-            ast_delete(block);
+        if (!block->addExpr(ret)) {
+            delete block;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        return (ast_expression*)block;
+        return block;
     } else {
         ast_expression *left, *right;
         size_t diff = afterend - from;
@@ -4301,17 +4332,17 @@ static ast_expression *array_getter_node(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, ast
         ast_return      *ret;
         ast_array_index *subscript;
 
-        subscript = ast_array_index_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)array, (ast_expression*)parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
+        subscript = ast_array_index::make(ctx, array, parser->m_fold.constgen_float(from, false));
         if (!subscript)
             return nullptr;
 
-        ret = ast_return_new(ctx, (ast_expression*)subscript);
+        ret = new ast_return(ctx, subscript);
         if (!ret) {
-            ast_delete(subscript);
+            delete subscript;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        return (ast_expression*)ret;
+        return ret;
     } else {
         ast_expression *left, *right;
         size_t diff = afterend - from;
@@ -4328,25 +4359,25 @@ static bool parser_create_array_accessor(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, con
     ast_value      *fval = nullptr;
     ast_block      *body = nullptr;
 
-    fval = ast_value_new(array->m_context, funcname, TYPE_FUNCTION);
+    fval = new ast_value(array->m_context, funcname, TYPE_FUNCTION);
     if (!fval) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create accessor function value");
         return false;
     }
     fval->m_flags &= ~(AST_FLAG_COVERAGE_MASK);
 
-    func = ast_function_new(array->m_context, funcname, fval);
+    func = ast_function::make(array->m_context, funcname, fval);
     if (!func) {
-        ast_delete(fval);
+        delete fval;
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create accessor function node");
         return false;
     }
 
-    body = ast_block_new(array->m_context);
+    body = new ast_block(array->m_context);
     if (!body) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create block for array accessor");
-        ast_delete(fval);
-        ast_delete(func);
+        delete fval;
+        delete func;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -4373,26 +4404,26 @@ static ast_value* parser_create_array_setter_proto(parser_t *parser, ast_value *
     if (!parser_create_array_accessor(parser, array, funcname, &fval))
         return nullptr;
     func = fval->m_constval.vfunc;
-    fval->m_next = (ast_expression*)ast_value_new(array->m_context, "<void>", TYPE_VOID);
+    fval->m_next = new ast_value(array->m_context, "<void>", TYPE_VOID);
 
-    index = ast_value_new(array->m_context, "index", TYPE_FLOAT);
-    value = ast_value_from_type((ast_value*)array->m_next);
+    index = new ast_value(array->m_context, "index", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    value = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *(ast_value*)array->m_next);
 
     if (!index || !value) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create locals for array accessor");
         goto cleanup;
     }
-    (void)!ast_value_set_name(value, "value"); /* not important */
-    fval->m_type_params.push_back(index);
-    fval->m_type_params.push_back(value);
+    value->m_name = "value"; // not important
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(index);
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(value);
 
     array->m_setter = fval;
     return fval;
 cleanup:
-    if (index) ast_delete(index);
-    if (value) ast_delete(value);
-    ast_delete(func);
-    ast_delete(fval);
+    if (index) delete index;
+    if (value) delete value;
+    delete func;
+    delete fval;
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -4400,15 +4431,15 @@ static bool parser_create_array_setter_impl(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array)
 {
     ast_expression *root = nullptr;
     root = array_setter_node(parser, array,
-                             array->m_setter->m_type_params[0],
-                             array->m_setter->m_type_params[1],
+                             array->m_setter->m_type_params[0].get(),
+                             array->m_setter->m_type_params[1].get(),
                              0, array->m_count);
     if (!root) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to build accessor search tree");
         return false;
     }
-    if (!ast_block_add_expr(array->m_setter->m_constval.vfunc->m_blocks[0].get(), root)) {
-        ast_delete(root);
+    if (!array->m_setter->m_constval.vfunc->m_blocks[0].get()->addExpr(root)) {
+        delete root;
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -4438,19 +4469,19 @@ static bool parser_create_array_field_setter(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array,
     if (!parser_create_array_accessor(parser, array, funcname, &fval))
         return false;
     func = fval->m_constval.vfunc;
-    fval->m_next = (ast_expression*)ast_value_new(array->m_context, "<void>", TYPE_VOID);
+    fval->m_next = new ast_value(array->m_context, "<void>", TYPE_VOID);
 
-    entity = ast_value_new(array->m_context, "entity", TYPE_ENTITY);
-    index  = ast_value_new(array->m_context, "index",  TYPE_FLOAT);
-    value  = ast_value_from_type((ast_value*)array->m_next);
+    entity = new ast_value(array->m_context, "entity", TYPE_ENTITY);
+    index  = new ast_value(array->m_context, "index",  TYPE_FLOAT);
+    value  = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *(ast_value*)array->m_next);
     if (!entity || !index || !value) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create locals for array accessor");
         goto cleanup;
     }
-    (void)!ast_value_set_name(value, "value"); /* not important */
-    fval->m_type_params.push_back(entity);
-    fval->m_type_params.push_back(index);
-    fval->m_type_params.push_back(value);
+    value->m_name = "value"; // not important
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(entity);
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(index);
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(value);
 
     root = array_field_setter_node(parser, array, entity, index, value, 0, array->m_count);
     if (!root) {
@@ -4459,14 +4490,14 @@ static bool parser_create_array_field_setter(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array,
     }
 
     array->m_setter = fval;
-    return ast_block_add_expr(func->m_blocks[0].get(), root);
+    return func->m_blocks[0].get()->addExpr(root);
 cleanup:
-    if (entity) ast_delete(entity);
-    if (index)  ast_delete(index);
-    if (value)  ast_delete(value);
-    if (root)   ast_delete(root);
-    ast_delete(func);
-    ast_delete(fval);
+    if (entity) delete entity;
+    if (index)  delete index;
+    if (value)  delete value;
+    if (root)   delete root;
+    delete func;
+    delete fval;
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -4487,22 +4518,22 @@ static ast_value* parser_create_array_getter_proto(parser_t *parser, ast_value *
     if (!parser_create_array_accessor(parser, array, funcname, &fval))
         return nullptr;
     func = fval->m_constval.vfunc;
-    fval->m_next = ast_type_copy(array->m_context, elemtype);
+    fval->m_next = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, array->m_context, *elemtype);
 
-    index = ast_value_new(array->m_context, "index", TYPE_FLOAT);
+    index = new ast_value(array->m_context, "index", TYPE_FLOAT);
 
     if (!index) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to create locals for array accessor");
         goto cleanup;
     }
-    fval->m_type_params.push_back(index);
+    fval->m_type_params.emplace_back(index);
 
     array->m_getter = fval;
     return fval;
 cleanup:
-    if (index) ast_delete(index);
-    ast_delete(func);
-    ast_delete(fval);
+    if (index) delete index;
+    delete func;
+    delete fval;
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -4510,13 +4541,13 @@ static bool parser_create_array_getter_impl(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array)
 {
     ast_expression *root = nullptr;
 
-    root = array_getter_node(parser, array, array->m_getter->m_type_params[0], 0, array->m_count);
+    root = array_getter_node(parser, array, array->m_getter->m_type_params[0].get(), 0, array->m_count);
     if (!root) {
         parseerror(parser, "failed to build accessor search tree");
         return false;
     }
-    if (!ast_block_add_expr(array->m_getter->m_constval.vfunc->m_blocks[0].get(), root)) {
-        ast_delete(root);
+    if (!array->m_getter->m_constval.vfunc->m_blocks[0].get()->addExpr(root)) {
+        delete root;
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -4532,7 +4563,7 @@ static bool parser_create_array_getter(parser_t *parser, ast_value *array, const
 static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 {
     lex_ctx_t ctx = parser_ctx(parser);
-    std::vector<ast_value *> params;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ast_value>> params;
     ast_value *fval;
     bool first = true;
     bool variadic = false;
@@ -4541,7 +4572,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 
     /* for the sake of less code we parse-in in this function */
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "expected parameter list");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -4581,17 +4612,17 @@ static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
                 }
             }
         } else {
-            params.push_back(param);
+            params.emplace_back(param);
             if (param->m_vtype >= TYPE_VARIANT) {
                 char tname[1024]; /* typename is reserved in C++ */
-                ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)param, tname, sizeof(tname));
+                ast_type_to_string(param, tname, sizeof(tname));
                 parseerror(parser, "type not supported as part of a parameter list: %s", tname);
                 goto on_error;
             }
             /* type-restricted varargs */
             if (parser->tok == TOKEN_DOTS) {
                 variadic = true;
-                varparam = params.back();
+                varparam = params.back().release();
                 params.pop_back();
                 if (!parser_next(parser) || (parser->tok != ')' && parser->tok != TOKEN_IDENT)) {
                     parseerror(parser, "`...` must be the last parameter of a variadic function declaration");
@@ -4599,7 +4630,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
                 }
                 if (parser->tok == TOKEN_IDENT) {
                     argcounter = util_strdup(parser_tokval(parser));
-                    ast_value_set_name(param, argcounter);
+                    param->m_name = argcounter;
                     if (!parser_next(parser) || parser->tok != ')') {
                         parseerror(parser, "`...` must be the last parameter of a variadic function declaration");
                         goto on_error;
@@ -4627,14 +4658,14 @@ static ast_value *parse_parameter_list(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
     }
 
     /* now turn 'var' into a function type */
-    fval = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type()>", TYPE_FUNCTION);
-    fval->m_next = (ast_expression*)var;
+    fval = new ast_value(ctx, "<type()>", TYPE_FUNCTION);
+    fval->m_next = var;
     if (variadic)
         fval->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_VARIADIC;
     var = fval;
 
     var->m_type_params = move(params);
-    var->m_varparam = (ast_expression*)varparam;
+    var->m_varparam = varparam;
     var->m_argcounter = argcounter;
 
     return var;
@@ -4643,10 +4674,8 @@ on_error:
     if (argcounter)
         mem_d(argcounter);
     if (varparam)
-        ast_delete(varparam);
-    ast_delete(var);
-    for (auto &it : params)
-        ast_delete(it);
+        delete varparam;
+    delete var;
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -4659,7 +4688,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_arraysize(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
     ctx = parser_ctx(parser);
 
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "expected array-size");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -4670,7 +4699,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_arraysize(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
         if (!cexp || !ast_istype(cexp, ast_value)) {
             if (cexp)
                 ast_unref(cexp);
-            ast_delete(var);
+            delete var;
             parseerror(parser, "expected array-size as constant positive integer");
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -4681,8 +4710,8 @@ static ast_value *parse_arraysize(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
         cval = nullptr;
     }
 
-    tmp = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type[]>", TYPE_ARRAY);
-    tmp->m_next = (ast_expression*)var;
+    tmp = new ast_value(ctx, "<type[]>", TYPE_ARRAY);
+    tmp->m_next = var;
     var = tmp;
 
     if (cval) {
@@ -4692,7 +4721,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_arraysize(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
             tmp->m_count = cval->m_constval.vfloat;
         else {
             ast_unref(cexp);
-            ast_delete(var);
+            delete var;
             parseerror(parser, "array-size must be a positive integer constant");
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -4704,12 +4733,12 @@ static ast_value *parse_arraysize(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
     }
 
     if (parser->tok != ']') {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "expected ']' after array-size");
         return nullptr;
     }
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "error after parsing array size");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -4790,14 +4819,14 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
     /* generate the basic type value */
     if (cached_typedef) {
-        var = ast_value_from_type(cached_typedef);
-        ast_value_set_name(var, "<type(from_def)>");
+        var = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *cached_typedef);
+        var->m_name = "<type(from_def)>";
     } else
-        var = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type>", parser_token(parser)->constval.t);
+        var = new ast_value(ctx, "<type>", parser_token(parser)->constval.t);
 
     for (; morefields; --morefields) {
-        tmp = ast_value_new(ctx, "<.type>", TYPE_FIELD);
-        tmp->m_next = (ast_expression*)var;
+        tmp = new ast_value(ctx, "<.type>", TYPE_FIELD);
+        tmp->m_next = var;
         var = tmp;
     }
 
@@ -4808,7 +4837,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
     /* parse on */
     if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-        ast_delete(var);
+        delete var;
         parseerror(parser, "parse error after typename");
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -4826,10 +4855,10 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
     /* store the base if requested */
     if (storebase) {
-        *storebase = ast_value_from_type(var);
+        *storebase = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *var);
         if (isfield) {
-            tmp = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type:f>", TYPE_FIELD);
-            tmp->m_next = (ast_expression*)*storebase;
+            tmp = new ast_value(ctx, "<type:f>", TYPE_FIELD);
+            tmp->m_next = *storebase;
             *storebase = tmp;
         }
     }
@@ -4845,7 +4874,7 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
         /* parse on */
         if (!parser_next(parser)) {
-            ast_delete(var);
+            delete var;
             mem_d(name);
             parseerror(parser, "error after variable or field declaration");
             return nullptr;
@@ -4866,8 +4895,8 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
     /* This is the point where we can turn it into a field */
     if (isfield) {
         /* turn it into a field if desired */
-        tmp = ast_value_new(ctx, "<type:f>", TYPE_FIELD);
-        tmp->m_next = (ast_expression*)var;
+        tmp = new ast_value(ctx, "<type:f>", TYPE_FIELD);
+        tmp->m_next = var;
         var = tmp;
     }
 
@@ -4886,13 +4915,8 @@ static ast_value *parse_typename(parser_t *parser, ast_value **storebase, ast_va
 
     /* finally name it */
     if (name) {
-        if (!ast_value_set_name(var, name)) {
-            ast_delete(var);
-            mem_d(name);
-            parseerror(parser, "internal error: failed to set name");
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        /* free the name, ast_value_set_name duplicates */
+        var->m_name = name;
+        // free the name, ast_value_set_name duplicates
         mem_d(name);
     }
 
@@ -4909,10 +4933,10 @@ static bool parse_typedef(parser_t *parser)
     if (!typevar)
         return false;
 
-    /* while parsing types, the ast_value's get named '<something>' */
-    if (!typevar->m_name || typevar->m_name[0] == '<') {
+    // while parsing types, the ast_value's get named '<something>'
+    if (!typevar->m_name.length() || typevar->m_name[0] == '<') {
         parseerror(parser, "missing name in typedef");
-        ast_delete(typevar);
+        delete typevar;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -4920,19 +4944,19 @@ static bool parse_typedef(parser_t *parser)
         parseerror(parser, "cannot define a type with the same name as a variable: %s\n"
                    " -> `%s` has been declared here: %s:%i",
                    typevar->m_name, old->m_context.file, old->m_context.line);
-        ast_delete(typevar);
+        delete typevar;
         return false;
     }
 
     if ( (oldtype = parser_find_typedef(parser, typevar->m_name, vec_last(parser->_blocktypedefs))) ) {
         parseerror(parser, "type `%s` has already been declared here: %s:%i",
                    typevar->m_name, oldtype->m_context.file, oldtype->m_context.line);
-        ast_delete(typevar);
+        delete typevar;
         return false;
     }
 
     vec_push(parser->_typedefs, typevar);
-    util_htset(vec_last(parser->typedefs), typevar->m_name, typevar);
+    util_htset(vec_last(parser->typedefs), typevar->m_name.c_str(), typevar);
 
     if (parser->tok != ';') {
         parseerror(parser, "expected semicolon after typedef");
@@ -4987,10 +5011,10 @@ static bool parser_check_qualifiers(parser_t *parser, const ast_value *var, cons
 static bool create_array_accessors(parser_t *parser, ast_value *var)
 {
     char name[1024];
-    util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##SET", var->m_name);
+    util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##SET", var->m_name.c_str());
     if (!parser_create_array_setter(parser, var, name))
         return false;
-    util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##GET", var->m_name);
+    util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##GET", var->m_name.c_str());
     if (!parser_create_array_getter(parser, var, var->m_next, name))
         return false;
     return true;
@@ -5078,15 +5102,15 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
     var = parse_typename(parser, &basetype, cached_typedef, nullptr);
     if (!var) {
         if (basetype)
-            ast_delete(basetype);
+            delete basetype;
         return false;
     }
 
     /* while parsing types, the ast_value's get named '<something>' */
-    if (!var->m_name || var->m_name[0] == '<') {
+    if (!var->m_name.length() || var->m_name[0] == '<') {
         parseerror(parser, "declaration does not declare anything");
         if (basetype)
-            ast_delete(basetype);
+            delete basetype;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -5153,7 +5177,7 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
          * Also: if there was a prototype, `var` will be deleted and set to `proto` which
          * is then filled with the previous definition and the parameter-names replaced.
          */
-        if (!strcmp(var->m_name, "nil")) {
+        if (var->m_name == "nil") {
             if (OPTS_FLAG(UNTYPED_NIL)) {
                 if (!localblock || !OPTS_FLAG(PERMISSIVE))
                     parseerror(parser, "name `nil` not allowed (try -fpermissive)");
@@ -5163,12 +5187,12 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
         if (!localblock) {
             /* Deal with end_sys_ vars */
             was_end = false;
-            if (!strcmp(var->m_name, "end_sys_globals")) {
+            if (var->m_name == "end_sys_globals") {
                 var->m_uses++;
                 parser->crc_globals = parser->globals.size();
                 was_end = true;
             }
-            else if (!strcmp(var->m_name, "end_sys_fields")) {
+            else if (var->m_name == "end_sys_fields") {
                 var->m_uses++;
                 parser->crc_fields = parser->fields.size();
                 was_end = true;
@@ -5194,7 +5218,7 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                         retval = false;
                         goto cleanup;
                     }
-                    ast_delete(var);
+                    delete var;
                     var = nullptr;
                     goto skipvar;
                     /*
@@ -5228,7 +5252,7 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                     }
                     proto = (ast_value*)old;
                     proto->m_desc = var->m_desc;
-                    if (!ast_compare_type((ast_expression*)proto, (ast_expression*)var)) {
+                    if (!proto->compareType(*var)) {
                         parseerror(parser, "conflicting types for `%s`, previous declaration was here: %s:%i",
                                    proto->m_name,
                                    proto->m_context.file, proto->m_context.line);
@@ -5237,16 +5261,14 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                     }
                     /* we need the new parameter-names */
                     for (i = 0; i < proto->m_type_params.size(); ++i)
-                        ast_value_set_name(proto->m_type_params[i], var->m_type_params[i]->m_name);
+                        proto->m_type_params[i]->m_name = var->m_type_params[i]->m_name;
                     if (!parser_check_qualifiers(parser, var, proto)) {
                         retval = false;
-                        if (proto->m_desc)
-                            mem_d(proto->m_desc);
                         proto = nullptr;
                         goto cleanup;
                     }
                     proto->m_flags |= var->m_flags;
-                    ast_delete(var);
+                    delete var;
                     var = proto;
                 }
                 else
@@ -5284,7 +5306,7 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                          */
                         if (proto->m_flags & AST_FLAG_FINAL_DECL)
                             old->m_context = var->m_context;
-                        ast_delete(var);
+                        delete var;
                         var = proto;
                     }
                     if (OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) == COMPILER_QCC &&
@@ -5320,7 +5342,7 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                     goto cleanup;
                 }
                 if (OPTS_OPTION_U32(OPTION_STANDARD) != COMPILER_GMQCC) {
-                    ast_delete(var);
+                    delete var;
                     if (ast_istype(old, ast_value))
                         var = proto = (ast_value*)old;
                     else {
@@ -5356,21 +5378,21 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                 /* deal with global variables, fields, functions */
                 if (!nofields && var->m_vtype == TYPE_FIELD && parser->tok != '=') {
                     var->m_isfield = true;
-                    parser->fields.push_back((ast_expression*)var);
-                    util_htset(parser->htfields, var->m_name, var);
+                    parser->fields.push_back(var);
+                    util_htset(parser->htfields, var->m_name.c_str(), var);
                     if (isvector) {
                         for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                            parser->fields.push_back((ast_expression*)me[i]);
-                            util_htset(parser->htfields, me[i]->m_name, me[i]);
+                            parser->fields.push_back(me[i]);
+                            util_htset(parser->htfields, me[i]->m_name.c_str(), me[i]);
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 else {
                     if (!(var->m_flags & AST_FLAG_ALIAS)) {
-                        parser_addglobal(parser, var->m_name, (ast_expression*)var);
+                        parser_addglobal(parser, var->m_name, var);
                         if (isvector) {
                             for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                                parser_addglobal(parser, me[i]->m_name, (ast_expression*)me[i]);
+                                parser_addglobal(parser, me[i]->m_name.c_str(), me[i]);
                             }
                         }
                     } else {
@@ -5381,12 +5403,12 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                             return false;
                         }
 
-                        if (!ast_compare_type((ast_expression*)var, find)) {
+                        if (!var->compareType(*find)) {
                             char ty1[1024];
                             char ty2[1024];
 
-                            ast_type_to_string(find,                  ty1, sizeof(ty1));
-                            ast_type_to_string((ast_expression*)var,  ty2, sizeof(ty2));
+                            ast_type_to_string(find, ty1, sizeof(ty1));
+                            ast_type_to_string(var,  ty2, sizeof(ty2));
 
                             compile_error(parser_ctx(parser), "incompatible types `%s` and `%s` for alias `%s`",
                                 ty1, ty2, var->m_name
@@ -5394,19 +5416,19 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                             return false;
                         }
 
-                        util_htset(parser->aliases, var->m_name, find);
+                        util_htset(parser->aliases, var->m_name.c_str(), find);
 
                         /* generate aliases for vector components */
                         if (isvector) {
                             char *buffer[3];
 
-                            util_asprintf(&buffer[0], "%s_x", var->m_desc);
-                            util_asprintf(&buffer[1], "%s_y", var->m_desc);
-                            util_asprintf(&buffer[2], "%s_z", var->m_desc);
+                            util_asprintf(&buffer[0], "%s_x", var->m_desc.c_str());
+                            util_asprintf(&buffer[1], "%s_y", var->m_desc.c_str());
+                            util_asprintf(&buffer[2], "%s_z", var->m_desc.c_str());
 
-                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[0]->m_name, parser_find_global(parser, buffer[0]));
-                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[1]->m_name, parser_find_global(parser, buffer[1]));
-                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[2]->m_name, parser_find_global(parser, buffer[2]));
+                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[0]->m_name.c_str(), parser_find_global(parser, buffer[0]));
+                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[1]->m_name.c_str(), parser_find_global(parser, buffer[1]));
+                            util_htset(parser->aliases, me[2]->m_name.c_str(), parser_find_global(parser, buffer[2]));
 
                             mem_d(buffer[0]);
                             mem_d(buffer[1]);
@@ -5416,70 +5438,61 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                 }
             } else {
                 if (is_static) {
-                    /* a static adds itself to be generated like any other global
-                     * but is added to the local namespace instead
-                     */
-                    char   *defname = nullptr;
-                    size_t  prefix_len, ln;
+                    // a static adds itself to be generated like any other global
+                    // but is added to the local namespace instead
+                    std::string defname;
+                    size_t  prefix_len;
                     size_t  sn, sn_size;
 
-                    ln = strlen(parser->function->m_name);
-                    vec_append(defname, ln, parser->function->m_name);
+                    defname = parser->function->m_name;
+                    defname.append(2, ':');
 
-                    vec_append(defname, 2, "::");
-                    /* remember the length up to here */
-                    prefix_len = vec_size(defname);
+                    // remember the length up to here
+                    prefix_len = defname.length();
 
-                    /* Add it to the local scope */
-                    util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), var->m_name, (void*)var);
+                    // Add it to the local scope
+                    util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), var->m_name.c_str(), (void*)var);
 
-                    /* now rename the global */
-                    ln = strlen(var->m_name);
-                    vec_append(defname, ln, var->m_name);
-                    /* if a variable of that name already existed, add the
-                     * counter value.
-                     * The counter is incremented either way.
-                     */
+                    // now rename the global
+                    defname.append(var->m_name);
+                    // if a variable of that name already existed, add the
+                    // counter value.
+                    // The counter is incremented either way.
                     sn_size = parser->function->m_static_names.size();
                     for (sn = 0; sn != sn_size; ++sn) {
-                        if (strcmp(parser->function->m_static_names[sn], var->m_name) == 0)
+                        if (parser->function->m_static_names[sn] == var->m_name.c_str())
                             break;
                     }
                     if (sn != sn_size) {
                         char *num = nullptr;
                         int   len = util_asprintf(&num, "#%u", parser->function->m_static_count);
-                        vec_append(defname, len, num);
+                        defname.append(num, 0, len);
                         mem_d(num);
                     }
                     else
-                        parser->function->m_static_names.push_back(util_strdup(var->m_name));
+                        parser->function->m_static_names.emplace_back(var->m_name);
                     parser->function->m_static_count++;
-                    ast_value_set_name(var, defname);
+                    var->m_name = defname;
 
-                    /* push it to the to-be-generated globals */
-                    parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)var);
+                    // push it to the to-be-generated globals
+                    parser->globals.push_back(var);
 
-                    /* same game for the vector members */
+                    // same game for the vector members
                     if (isvector) {
+                        defname.erase(prefix_len);
                         for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                            util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), me[i]->m_name, (void*)(me[i]));
-
-                            vec_shrinkto(defname, prefix_len);
-                            ln = strlen(me[i]->m_name);
-                            vec_append(defname, ln, me[i]->m_name);
-                            ast_member_set_name(me[i], defname);
-
-                            parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)me[i]);
+                            util_htset(vec_last(parser->variables), me[i]->m_name.c_str(), (void*)(me[i]));
+                            me[i]->m_name = move(defname + me[i]->m_name);
+                            parser->globals.push_back(me[i]);
                         }
                     }
-                    vec_free(defname);
                 } else {
                     localblock->m_locals.push_back(var);
-                    parser_addlocal(parser, var->m_name, (ast_expression*)var);
+                    parser_addlocal(parser, var->m_name, var);
                     if (isvector) {
                         for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                            parser_addlocal(parser, me[i]->m_name, (ast_expression*)me[i]);
-                            ast_block_collect(localblock, (ast_expression*)me[i]);
+                            parser_addlocal(parser, me[i]->m_name, me[i]);
+                            localblock->collect(me[i]);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -5511,24 +5524,24 @@ static bool parse_variable(parser_t *parser, ast_block *localblock, bool nofield
                 goto cleanup;
             }
 
-            util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##SETF", var->m_name);
+            util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##SETF", var->m_name.c_str());
             if (!parser_create_array_field_setter(parser, array, name))
                 goto cleanup;
 
-            telem = ast_type_copy(var->m_context, array->m_next);
-            tfield = ast_value_new(var->m_context, "<.type>", TYPE_FIELD);
+            telem = new ast_expression(ast_copy_type, var->m_context, *array->m_next);
+            tfield = new ast_value(var->m_context, "<.type>", TYPE_FIELD);
             tfield->m_next = telem;
-            util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##GETFP", var->m_name);
-            if (!parser_create_array_getter(parser, array, (ast_expression*)tfield, name)) {
-                ast_delete(tfield);
+            util_snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s##GETFP", var->m_name.c_str());
+            if (!parser_create_array_getter(parser, array, tfield, name)) {
+                delete tfield;
                 goto cleanup;
             }
-            ast_delete(tfield);
+            delete tfield;
         }
 
 skipvar:
         if (parser->tok == ';') {
-            ast_delete(basetype);
+            delete basetype;
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
                 parseerror(parser, "error after variable declaration");
                 return false;
@@ -5637,7 +5650,7 @@ skipvar:
             }
             else
             {
-                func = ast_function_new(var->m_context, var->m_name, var);
+                func = ast_function::make(var->m_context, var->m_name, var);
                 if (!func) {
                     parseerror(parser, "failed to allocate function for `%s`", var->m_name);
                     break;
@@ -5652,8 +5665,7 @@ skipvar:
                     : (!parser_next(parser)))
             {
                 parseerror(parser, "expected comma or semicolon");
-                if (func)
-                    ast_function_delete(func);
+                delete func;
                 var->m_constval.vfunc = nullptr;
                 break;
             }
@@ -5684,7 +5696,7 @@ skipvar:
 
             if (!parse_function_body(parser, var))
                 break;
-            ast_delete(basetype);
+            delete basetype;
             for (auto &it : parser->gotos)
                 parseerror(parser, "undefined label: `%s`", it->m_name);
             parser->gotos.clear();
@@ -5712,7 +5724,7 @@ skipvar:
                     }
                 }
                 /* do sanity checking, this function really needs refactoring */
-                if (vec_last(parser->_locals) != (ast_expression*)var)
+                if (vec_last(parser->_locals) != var)
                     parseerror(parser, "internal error: unexpected change in local variable handling");
                 else
                     vec_pop(parser->_locals);
@@ -5721,10 +5733,10 @@ skipvar:
                 else
                     localblock->m_locals.pop_back();
                 /* push it to the to-be-generated globals */
-                parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)var);
+                parser->globals.push_back(var);
                 if (isvector)
                     for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
-                        parser->globals.push_back((ast_expression*)last_me[i]);
+                        parser->globals.push_back(last_me[i]);
                 folded_const = true;
             }
 
@@ -5762,15 +5774,15 @@ skipvar:
                 shunt sy;
                 cvq = var->m_cvq;
                 var->m_cvq = CV_NONE;
-                sy.out.push_back(syexp(var->m_context, (ast_expression*)var));
-                sy.out.push_back(syexp(cexp->m_context, (ast_expression*)cexp));
+                sy.out.push_back(syexp(var->m_context, var));
+                sy.out.push_back(syexp(cexp->m_context, cexp));
                 sy.ops.push_back(syop(var->m_context, parser->assign_op));
                 if (!parser_sy_apply_operator(parser, &sy))
                     ast_unref(cexp);
                 else {
                     if (sy.out.size() != 1 && sy.ops.size() != 0)
                         parseerror(parser, "internal error: leaked operands");
-                    if (!ast_block_add_expr(localblock, (ast_expression*)sy.out[0].out))
+                    if (!localblock->addExpr(sy.out[0].out))
                         break;
                 }
                 var->m_cvq = cvq;
@@ -5795,9 +5807,9 @@ another:
                 parseerror(parser, "expected another variable");
                 break;
             }
-            var = ast_value_from_type(basetype);
+            var = new ast_value(ast_copy_type, *basetype);
             cleanvar = true;
-            ast_value_set_name(var, parser_tokval(parser));
+            var->m_name = parser_tokval(parser);
             if (!parser_next(parser)) {
                 parseerror(parser, "error parsing variable declaration");
                 break;
@@ -5815,22 +5827,22 @@ another:
             break;
         }
 
-        ast_delete(basetype);
+        delete basetype;
         return true;
     }
 
     if (cleanvar && var)
-        ast_delete(var);
-    ast_delete(basetype);
+        delete var;
+    delete basetype;
     return false;
 
 cleanup:
-    ast_delete(basetype);
+    delete basetype;
     if (cleanvar && var)
-        ast_delete(var);
-    if (me[0]) ast_member_delete(me[0]);
-    if (me[1]) ast_member_delete(me[1]);
-    if (me[2]) ast_member_delete(me[2]);
+        delete var;
+    delete me[0];
+    delete me[1];
+    delete me[2];
     return retval;
 }
 
@@ -5942,7 +5954,7 @@ static void generate_checksum(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir)
                 crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tint\t");
                 break;
         }
-        crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, value->m_name);
+        crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, value->m_name.c_str());
         crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, ";\n");
     }
     crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "} globalvars_t;\n\ntypedef struct\n{\n");
@@ -5959,7 +5971,7 @@ static void generate_checksum(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir)
                 crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "\tint\t");
                 break;
         }
-        crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, value->m_name);
+        crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, value->m_name.c_str());
         crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, ";\n");
     }
     crc = progdefs_crc_both(crc, "} entvars_t;\n\n");
@@ -6003,19 +6015,19 @@ parser_t *parser_create()
     empty_ctx.file   = "<internal>";
     empty_ctx.line   = 0;
     empty_ctx.column = 0;
-    parser->nil = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "nil", TYPE_NIL);
+    parser->nil = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "nil", TYPE_NIL);
     parser->nil->m_cvq = CV_CONST;
     if (OPTS_FLAG(UNTYPED_NIL))
         util_htset(parser->htglobals, "nil", (void*)parser->nil);
 
     parser->max_param_count = 1;
 
-    parser->const_vec[0] = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "<vector.x>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
-    parser->const_vec[1] = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "<vector.y>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
-    parser->const_vec[2] = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "<vector.z>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
+    parser->const_vec[0] = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "<vector.x>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
+    parser->const_vec[1] = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "<vector.y>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
+    parser->const_vec[2] = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "<vector.z>", TYPE_NOEXPR);
 
     if (OPTS_OPTION_BOOL(OPTION_ADD_INFO)) {
-        parser->reserved_version = ast_value_new(empty_ctx, "reserved:version", TYPE_STRING);
+        parser->reserved_version = new ast_value(empty_ctx, "reserved:version", TYPE_STRING);
         parser->reserved_version->m_cvq = CV_CONST;
         parser->reserved_version->m_hasvalue = true;
         parser->reserved_version->m_flags |= AST_FLAG_INCLUDE_DEF;
@@ -6088,13 +6100,13 @@ static void parser_remove_ast(parser_t *parser)
         return;
     parser->ast_cleaned = true;
     for (auto &it : parser->accessors) {
-        ast_delete(it->m_constval.vfunc);
+        delete it->m_constval.vfunc;
         it->m_constval.vfunc = nullptr;
-        ast_delete(it);
+        delete it;
     }
-    for (auto &it : parser->functions) ast_delete(it);
-    for (auto &it : parser->globals) ast_delete(it);
-    for (auto &it : parser->fields) ast_delete(it);
+    for (auto &it : parser->functions) delete it;
+    for (auto &it : parser->globals) delete it;
+    for (auto &it : parser->fields) delete it;
 
     for (i = 0; i < vec_size(parser->variables); ++i)
         util_htdel(parser->variables[i]);
@@ -6103,7 +6115,7 @@ static void parser_remove_ast(parser_t *parser)
     vec_free(parser->_locals);
 
     for (i = 0; i < vec_size(parser->_typedefs); ++i)
-        ast_delete(parser->_typedefs[i]);
+        delete parser->_typedefs[i];
     vec_free(parser->_typedefs);
     for (i = 0; i < vec_size(parser->typedefs); ++i)
         util_htdel(parser->typedefs[i]);
@@ -6112,14 +6124,14 @@ static void parser_remove_ast(parser_t *parser)
 
     vec_free(parser->_block_ctx);
 
-    ast_value_delete(parser->nil);
+    delete parser->nil;
 
-    ast_value_delete(parser->const_vec[0]);
-    ast_value_delete(parser->const_vec[1]);
-    ast_value_delete(parser->const_vec[2]);
+    delete parser->const_vec[0];
+    delete parser->const_vec[1];
+    delete parser->const_vec[2];
 
     if (parser->reserved_version)
-        ast_value_delete(parser->reserved_version);
+        delete parser->reserved_version;
 
     util_htdel(parser->aliases);
 }
@@ -6141,7 +6153,7 @@ static bool parser_set_coverage_func(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir) {
 
     func = nullptr;
     for (auto &it : parser->functions) {
-        if (!strcmp(it->m_name, "coverage")) {
+        if (it->m_name == "coverage") {
             func = it;
             break;
         }
@@ -6156,7 +6168,7 @@ static bool parser_set_coverage_func(parser_t *parser, ir_builder *ir) {
     }
 
     cov  = func->m_function_type;
-    expr = (ast_expression*)cov;
+    expr = cov;
 
     if (expr->m_vtype != TYPE_FUNCTION || expr->m_type_params.size()) {
         char ty[1024];
@@ -6193,8 +6205,8 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
         ast_value *field = (ast_value*)it;
         hasvalue = field->m_hasvalue;
         field->m_hasvalue = false;
-        if (!ast_global_codegen((ast_value*)field, ir, true)) {
-            con_out("failed to generate field %s\n", field->m_name);
+        if (!reinterpret_cast<ast_value*>(field)->generateGlobal(ir, true)) {
+            con_out("failed to generate field %s\n", field->m_name.c_str());
             delete ir;
             return false;
         }
@@ -6220,8 +6232,8 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
             retval = retval && !compile_warning(asvalue->m_context, WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE,
                                                 "unused global: `%s`", asvalue->m_name);
         }
-        if (!ast_global_codegen(asvalue, ir, false)) {
-            con_out("failed to generate global %s\n", asvalue->m_name);
+        if (!asvalue->generateGlobal(ir, false)) {
+            con_out("failed to generate global %s\n", asvalue->m_name.c_str());
             delete ir;
             return false;
         }
@@ -6233,18 +6245,17 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
         if (f->m_varargs) {
             if (parser->max_param_count > f->m_function_type->m_type_params.size()) {
                 f->m_varargs->m_count = parser->max_param_count - f->m_function_type->m_type_params.size();
-                if (!parser_create_array_setter_impl(parser, f->m_varargs)) {
-                    con_out("failed to generate vararg setter for %s\n", f->m_name);
+                if (!parser_create_array_setter_impl(parser, f->m_varargs.get())) {
+                    con_out("failed to generate vararg setter for %s\n", f->m_name.c_str());
                     delete ir;
                     return false;
                 }
-                if (!parser_create_array_getter_impl(parser, f->m_varargs)) {
-                    con_out("failed to generate vararg getter for %s\n", f->m_name);
+                if (!parser_create_array_getter_impl(parser, f->m_varargs.get())) {
+                    con_out("failed to generate vararg getter for %s\n", f->m_name.c_str());
                     delete ir;
                     return false;
                 }
             } else {
-                ast_delete(f->m_varargs);
                 f->m_varargs = nullptr;
             }
         }
@@ -6271,32 +6282,32 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
                                        "uninitialized global: `%s`",
                                        asvalue->m_name);
         }
-        if (!ast_generate_accessors(asvalue, ir)) {
+        if (!asvalue->generateAccessors(ir)) {
             delete ir;
             return false;
         }
     }
     for (auto &it : parser->fields) {
         ast_value *asvalue = (ast_value*)it->m_next;
-        if (!ast_istype((ast_expression*)asvalue, ast_value))
+        if (!ast_istype(asvalue, ast_value))
             continue;
         if (asvalue->m_vtype != TYPE_ARRAY)
             continue;
-        if (!ast_generate_accessors(asvalue, ir)) {
+        if (!asvalue->generateAccessors(ir)) {
             delete ir;
             return false;
         }
     }
     if (parser->reserved_version &&
-        !ast_global_codegen(parser->reserved_version, ir, false))
+        !parser->reserved_version->generateGlobal(ir, false))
     {
         con_out("failed to generate reserved::version");
         delete ir;
         return false;
     }
     for (auto &f : parser->functions) {
-        if (!ast_function_codegen(f, ir)) {
-            con_out("failed to generate function %s\n", f->m_name);
+        if (!f->generateFunction(ir)) {
+            con_out("failed to generate function %s\n", f->m_name.c_str());
             delete ir;
             return false;
         }
@@ -6308,7 +6319,7 @@ bool parser_finish(parser_t *parser, const char *output)
         ir_builder_dump(ir, con_out);
     for (auto &it : parser->functions) {
         if (!ir_function_finalize(it->m_ir_func)) {
-            con_out("failed to finalize function %s\n", it->m_name);
+            con_out("failed to finalize function %s\n", it->m_name.c_str());
             delete ir;
             return false;
         }